Digital mapping and cartography - Revision history

Editor at 18:54, 2 December 2021

2021-12-02T18:54:32Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:54, 2 December 2021
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	* Ground sample distance GSD.		* Ground sample distance GSD.
	* Interferometric synthetic aperture radar InSAR.		* Interferometric synthetic aperture radar InSAR.
		+	* Pixel.
	* Psychogeography.		* Psychogeography.
	* Smart cities.		* Smart cities.

Editor at 21:59, 29 November 2021

2021-11-29T21:59:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:59, 29 November 2021
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	* Psychogeography.		* Psychogeography.
	* Smart cities.		* Smart cities.
		+	* Universal transverse mercator projection.

	= External References =		= External References =

Editor at 21:35, 29 November 2021

2021-11-29T21:35:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:35, 29 November 2021
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	This article was created by: --[[User:LMK\|LMK]] 23:00, 13 December 2012 (UTC)		This article was created by: --[[User:LMK\|LMK]] 23:00, 13 December 2012 (UTC)

−	= Related articles on Designing Buildings ~~Wiki~~ =	+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings =

	* Architectural photography.		* Architectural photography.
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	* Digital Connectivity Infrastructure Accelerator DCIA.		* Digital Connectivity Infrastructure Accelerator DCIA.
	* Digital map.		* Digital map.
		+	* Ground sample distance GSD.
	* Interferometric synthetic aperture radar InSAR.		* Interferometric synthetic aperture radar InSAR.
	* Psychogeography.		* Psychogeography.

Editor at 13:42, 10 September 2021

2021-09-10T13:42:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:42, 10 September 2021
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	* Computer Aided Design.		* Computer Aided Design.
	* Construction cameras.		* Construction cameras.
		+	* Digital Connectivity Infrastructure Accelerator DCIA.
	* Digital map.		* Digital map.
	* Interferometric synthetic aperture radar InSAR.		* Interferometric synthetic aperture radar InSAR.

Designing Buildings at 06:55, 1 June 2021

2021-06-01T06:55:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:55, 1 June 2021
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	* Computer Aided Design.		* Computer Aided Design.
	* Construction cameras.		* Construction cameras.
		+	* Digital map.
	* Interferometric synthetic aperture radar InSAR.		* Interferometric synthetic aperture radar InSAR.
	* Psychogeography.		* Psychogeography.
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	* Thrower, N (1996) Maps and Civilization: Cartography in Culture and Society, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.		* Thrower, N (1996) Maps and Civilization: Cartography in Culture and Society, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

−	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Roles_/_services]]	+	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Roles_/_services]] [[Category:BIM]]

Editor at 17:03, 19 March 2021

2021-03-19T17:03:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:03, 19 March 2021
Line 94:		Line 94:
	* Computer Aided Design.		* Computer Aided Design.
	* Construction cameras.		* Construction cameras.
		+	* Interferometric synthetic aperture radar InSAR.
	* Psychogeography.		* Psychogeography.
	* Smart cities.		* Smart cities.

Designing Buildings at 07:11, 9 November 2020

2020-11-09T07:11:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:11, 9 November 2020
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	This article was created by: --[[User:LMK\|LMK]] 23:00, 13 December 2012 (UTC)		This article was created by: --[[User:LMK\|LMK]] 23:00, 13 December 2012 (UTC)

−	~~= Find out more =~~	+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =
−		+
−	=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===	+

	* Architectural photography.		* Architectural photography.
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	* Building Information Modelling.		* Building Information Modelling.
	* Computer Aided Design.		* Computer Aided Design.
		+	* Construction cameras.
	* Psychogeography.		* Psychogeography.
	* Smart cities.		* Smart cities.

−	=== External References ===	+	= External References =

	* Black, J (1997) Maps and Politics, United States of America: Reakiton Books.		* Black, J (1997) Maps and Politics, United States of America: Reakiton Books.

Designing Buildings at 08:27, 11 October 2020

2020-10-11T08:27:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:27, 11 October 2020
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	* Thrower, N (1996) Maps and Civilization: Cartography in Culture and Society, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.		* Thrower, N (1996) Maps and Civilization: Cartography in Culture and Society, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

−	[[Category:History]] [[Category:Roles_/_services]]	+	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Roles_/_services]]

Editor at 13:03, 26 October 2017

2017-10-26T13:03:59Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:03, 26 October 2017
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	Cartography is the art, method or exercise of accumulating or drawing maps. Maps are more than a tool for getting from one place to another; they can be filled with creative and subjective meaning, "...At every instant, there is more than the eye can see, more than the ear can hear, a setting or a view waiting to be explored. Nothing is experienced by itself, but always in relation to its surroundings, the sequence of events leading up to it, the memory of past experiences” (Lynch, 1992, p1).		Cartography is the art, method or exercise of accumulating or drawing maps. Maps are more than a tool for getting from one place to another; they can be filled with creative and subjective meaning, "...At every instant, there is more than the eye can see, more than the ear can hear, a setting or a view waiting to be explored. Nothing is experienced by itself, but always in relation to its surroundings, the sequence of events leading up to it, the memory of past experiences” (Lynch, 1992, p1).

−	By considering the role of mapping in early modern society and the relationships between maps and colonialism we can find underlying tones that offer clues to what a specific place was like at a point in history. These maps may carry bias, but they give a deep overview of the places they represent, portraying character and insight into hierarchical life. For example, in Mercator’s projection of 1569 we see a number of biases that represent the British Empire in a positive and powerful light:	+	By considering the role of mapping in early modern society and the relationships between maps and colonialism we can find underlying tones that offer clues to what a specific place was like at a point in history. These maps may carry bias, but they give a deep overview of the places they represent, portraying character and insight into hierarchical life.
		+
		+	For example, in Mercator’s projection of 1569 we see a number of biases that represent the British Empire in a positive and powerful light:

	* Greenland is the same size as Africa (Africa is actually 14 times bigger).		* Greenland is the same size as Africa (Africa is actually 14 times bigger).
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	= Digital mapping =		= Digital mapping =

−	Today Cartography is in the process of being re imagined both as an art form and in projects that use digital technologies for web mapping. In 1993, the Xerox PARC Map Viewer was released, allowing interactive mapping retrieval via the World Wide Web, moving beyond the accessing of fixed information. It was soon followed by earthquake locating maps, online atlases, geographical databases and address search engines. Between 2004 and 2006 the likes of Open Street map, Google maps and Google earth surfaced; introducing easy to use maps and aerial views; and exposing the world to a pivotal point in the long history of cartography.	+	Today Cartography is in the process of being re imagined both as an art form and in projects that use digital technologies for web mapping. In 1993, the Xerox PARC Map Viewer was released, allowing interactive mapping retrieval via the World Wide Web, moving beyond the accessing of fixed information. It was soon followed by earthquake locating maps, online atlases, geographical databases and address search engines.
		+
		+	Between 2004 and 2006, the likes of Open Street map, Google maps and Google earth surfaced; introducing easy to use maps and aerial views; and exposing the world to a pivotal point in the long history of cartography.

	Online mapping, set to takeover as the preferred type of mapping, can be seen as a threat to the long tradition of cartography.		Online mapping, set to takeover as the preferred type of mapping, can be seen as a threat to the long tradition of cartography.
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	In the book ‘Invisible Cities’ Italo Calvino writes “Memory's images, once they are fixed in words, are erased. Perhaps I am afraid of losing Venice all at once, if I speak of it, or perhaps, speaking of other cities, I have already lost it, little by little” (Calvino, 2009, p130). He contemplates the merging of cultures, due to an increased exposure to one another through means of technology, and the potential of all city images, and maps, eventually appearing the same.		In the book ‘Invisible Cities’ Italo Calvino writes “Memory's images, once they are fixed in words, are erased. Perhaps I am afraid of losing Venice all at once, if I speak of it, or perhaps, speaking of other cities, I have already lost it, little by little” (Calvino, 2009, p130). He contemplates the merging of cultures, due to an increased exposure to one another through means of technology, and the potential of all city images, and maps, eventually appearing the same.

−	Parsons suggests that “A strong preference to aerial views, over actual maps, on sites such as Google maps and Bing maps is an area of growing concern in terms of a younger generations map literacy” (Parsons, 2010). With a focus on aerial maps the roof not only becomes the 5th elevation, as Mies van der Rohe suggested, but the most important elevation, we must question why this elevation should overshadow and have more power than all the others, when historically the map has always represented the buildings footprint showing us the relation between the building and its surroundings. By using a map of roofscapes the ease of navigation through the city is made more difficult. The aerial views give little indication of contours in an urban environment, and an understanding of scale is lost. The fact that the aerial view is a photo, often leads to a false sense of security in terms of its accuracy, this information despite its appearance, like any map, needs to be checked for error.	+	Parsons suggests that “A strong preference to aerial views, over actual maps, on sites such as Google maps and Bing maps is an area of growing concern in terms of a younger generations map literacy” (Parsons, 2010). With a focus on aerial maps the roof not only becomes the 5th elevation, as Mies van der Rohe suggested, but the most important elevation, we must question why this elevation should overshadow and have more power than all the others, when historically the map has always represented the buildings footprint showing us the relation between the building and its surroundings.
		+
		+	By using a map of roofscapes the ease of navigation through the city is made more difficult. The aerial views give little indication of contours in an urban environment, and an understanding of scale is lost. The fact that the aerial view is a photo, often leads to a false sense of security in terms of its accuracy, this information despite its appearance, like any map, needs to be checked for error.

	Klien suggests that “Maps have served a broad range of divergent interests: they are items at once highly practical, eminently political and overtly symbolic; and just as the early modern discourse of geography was both a scholarly pursuit and a commercial activity, they are records of a significant increase in spatial knowledge as well as valuable economic objects in their own right” (Klien, 2001, p64)		Klien suggests that “Maps have served a broad range of divergent interests: they are items at once highly practical, eminently political and overtly symbolic; and just as the early modern discourse of geography was both a scholarly pursuit and a commercial activity, they are records of a significant increase in spatial knowledge as well as valuable economic objects in their own right” (Klien, 2001, p64)
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	Digital technologies reduce maps to a basic layer of understanding, losing creative and subjective meaning. This basic level generally tends to focus on roads. Historically the map represents the people of a place, giving hints of culture, society and attitude to space. A hierarchy of importance in spaces found on a map may be implied, suggesting places that should be respected or visited. Thought should be given to the positive aspects of bias in maps and the way clues are given to the past.		Digital technologies reduce maps to a basic layer of understanding, losing creative and subjective meaning. This basic level generally tends to focus on roads. Historically the map represents the people of a place, giving hints of culture, society and attitude to space. A hierarchy of importance in spaces found on a map may be implied, suggesting places that should be respected or visited. Thought should be given to the positive aspects of bias in maps and the way clues are given to the past.

−	Taking a look at the introduction of the satire maps of the 1870’s, in the context of political tension, the rise of nationalism and the need and defence of a nations identity, the rise of the ordinance survey map, the publication of the atlas and much proclaiming of the British empire, these satire maps were designed as a response, to inform, entertain and shock by combining current issues with the familiarity of a maps shape. This can be seen in ‘The Serio Comic Map of Europe at War’ by Fred Rose, he uses human and animal features to represent the threat of each country to the next, these ideas are important in the development of our understanding of symbology. Peter Brookes, a current political cartoonist for The Times creates similar works. In his ‘Good Friday Agreement the IRA Version’ he shows the Good Friday Agreement with an Ireland shaped hole burned out of it, accompanied with bullet holes, a reaction to two British soldiers being killed. In his Spectator cover for ‘Yobland, our Yobland’ he represents Ireland as the old lady that Britain is kicking. These forms of cartoons are important, although primarily for entertainment value, they convey a powerful message.	+	Taking a look at the introduction of the satire maps of the 1870’s, in the context of political tension, the rise of nationalism and the need and defence of a nations identity, the rise of the ordinance survey map, the publication of the atlas and much proclaiming of the British empire, these satire maps were designed as a response, to inform, entertain and shock by combining current issues with the familiarity of a maps shape. This can be seen in ‘The Serio Comic Map of Europe at War’ by Fred Rose, he uses human and animal features to represent the threat of each country to the next, these ideas are important in the development of our understanding of symbology.
		+
		+	Peter Brookes, a current political cartoonist for The Times creates similar works. In his ‘Good Friday Agreement the IRA Version’ he shows the Good Friday Agreement with an Ireland shaped hole burned out of it, accompanied with bullet holes, a reaction to two British soldiers being killed. In his Spectator cover for ‘Yobland, our Yobland’ he represents Ireland as the old lady that Britain is kicking. These forms of cartoons are important, although primarily for entertainment value, they convey a powerful message.

	Even with digital mapping it must be recognised that “behind the mapmaker lies a set of power relations, creating its own specification” (Harley, 2001, p63). In heavily controlled countries such as North Korea and China this attitude towards the map may still be occurring. North Korea is a blank canvas, the only pinpoint is the countries capital. Similarly China has heavy control over the Internet and control of public opinion. The government keeps its prisons hidden out of sight, generally low rise and away from the cities.		Even with digital mapping it must be recognised that “behind the mapmaker lies a set of power relations, creating its own specification” (Harley, 2001, p63). In heavily controlled countries such as North Korea and China this attitude towards the map may still be occurring. North Korea is a blank canvas, the only pinpoint is the countries capital. Similarly China has heavy control over the Internet and control of public opinion. The government keeps its prisons hidden out of sight, generally low rise and away from the cities.

−	These empty spaces are not just apparent in maps; they result in coherent gaps in our knowledge of a place. They are reminiscent of ‘William Morgan’s Map of London’, made in 1682, after the great fire of London in 1666. It is an image of the new city, an idealised vision containing pride and promise, it was the first time London had been accurately surveyed, it contains no disorder, no prisons (even though it is known Newgate existed at this time), no work houses, and no overcrowding or poverty, perhaps the deer in St. James’ Park, the reality of which was a slum, are the ultimate representation of this idealised vision. In the 1800’s Charles Booth rebelled against this form of mapping by creating his ‘London Poverty Map’ in which he accurately surveyed unacceptable living conditions, workhouses and wages; revealing a third of London’s population was living in poverty.	+	These empty spaces are not just apparent in maps; they result in coherent gaps in our knowledge of a place. They are reminiscent of ‘William Morgan’s Map of London’, made in 1682, after the great fire of London in 1666. It is an image of the new city, an idealised vision containing pride and promise, it was the first time London had been accurately surveyed, it contains no disorder, no prisons (even though it is known Newgate existed at this time), no work houses, and no overcrowding or poverty, perhaps the deer in St. James’ Park, the reality of which was a slum, are the ultimate representation of this idealised vision.
		+
		+	In the 1800’s Charles Booth rebelled against this form of mapping by creating his ‘London Poverty Map’ in which he accurately surveyed unacceptable living conditions, workhouses and wages; revealing a third of London’s population was living in poverty.

	= Positive Impacts of Digital Technologies on Cartography =		= Positive Impacts of Digital Technologies on Cartography =

−	“Mercator placed Europe in the centre of his map” (Black, 1997, p30), “the atlases of Ortelius and Mercator, the maps of Nowell, Saxton and Speed were all produced within a recognisably English frame of reference; their cartographic activity bears directly on the international perception of national space in early modern England” (Klien, 2001, p82). In the case of the Hereford Mappa Mundi, Jerusalem was centred as the religious centre, Ortelius, Mercator, Nowell, Saxton and Speed focused on the centre of the British Empire as a representation of power.	+	“Mercator placed Europe in the centre of his map” (Black, 1997, p30), “the atlases of Ortelius and Mercator, the maps of Nowell, Saxton and Speed were all produced within a recognisably English frame of reference; their cartographic activity bears directly on the international perception of national space in early modern England” (Klien, 2001, p82).
		+
		+	In the case of the Hereford Mappa Mundi, Jerusalem was centred as the religious centre, Ortelius, Mercator, Nowell, Saxton and Speed focused on the centre of the British Empire as a representation of power.

	Online maps fight previous historical bias, they are created by everyone, for everyone, each person is at the centre of their own map.		Online maps fight previous historical bias, they are created by everyone, for everyone, each person is at the centre of their own map.

−	Digital technologies have enabled areas that have never been mapped in detail to be mapped by the people that live there, such as Nairobi, Kenya. “We must consider not just the city as a thing itself, but the city being perceived by its inhabitants” (Lynch, 1992, p3) to portray a truer image of the city. “Every citizen has had long associations with some part of the city and his image is soaked in memories and meanings” (Lynch, 1992, p1). Kevin lynch published ‘The Image of the City’ in 1960, he almost predicts the invention of online mapping with his discussions on personal perspective, movement and the memory with which information is gathered. An ideal example of a personal map is seen in ‘The Image of the City’ (Lynch, 1992, front cover) showing what is important to that particular person. Conceptual consideration must be given to how maps work in the human mind. If landmarks are a form of navigation like in Rome, is this how a place should be represented? Like Lynch discusses, the city is made of paths, edges, districts, nodes, landmarks and this is what our city image is made up of.	+	Digital technologies have enabled areas that have never been mapped in detail to be mapped by the people that live there, such as Nairobi, Kenya. “We must consider not just the city as a thing itself, but the city being perceived by its inhabitants” (Lynch, 1992, p3) to portray a truer image of the city. “Every citizen has had long associations with some part of the city and his image is soaked in memories and meanings” (Lynch, 1992, p1).

−	“Within days of the disaster, Haiti's only golf course – and a rare pocket of wealth in the poorest country in the Western hemisphere – had been filled with makeshift tents that became home to an estimated 55,000 people. The transformation of Pétionville was documented thoroughly on Google Maps” (Kiss, 2011, p12). It allowed aid organisations to work quickly, to pinpoint collapsed buildings and camps and act almost immediately, in terms of clearing, rebuilding, supporting the injured and supplying food and water. A month after Haiti’s disaster an earthquake struck Chile killing over 500 people. The disaster mapping technique used previously in Haiti was refined, facilitating an even quicker reaction.	+	Kevin lynch published ‘The Image of the City’ in 1960, he almost predicts the invention of online mapping with his discussions on personal perspective, movement and the memory with which information is gathered. An ideal example of a personal map is seen in ‘The Image of the City’ (Lynch, 1992, front cover) showing what is important to that particular person. Conceptual consideration must be given to how maps work in the human mind. If landmarks are a form of navigation like in Rome, is this how a place should be represented? Like Lynch discusses, the city is made of paths, edges, districts, nodes, landmarks and this is what our city image is made up of.
		+
		+	“Within days of the disaster, Haiti's only golf course – and a rare pocket of wealth in the poorest country in the Western hemisphere – had been filled with makeshift tents that became home to an estimated 55,000 people. The transformation of Pétionville was documented thoroughly on Google Maps” (Kiss, 2011, p12).
		+
		+	It allowed aid organisations to work quickly, to pinpoint collapsed buildings and camps and act almost immediately, in terms of clearing, rebuilding, supporting the injured and supplying food and water. A month after Haiti’s disaster an earthquake struck Chile killing over 500 people. The disaster mapping technique used previously in Haiti was refined, facilitating an even quicker reaction.

	“Maps are no longer static but dynamic, changed in real time by millions of users and offered to us free of charge by the likes of Google, Microsoft, Yahoo or [http://www.openstreetmap.org/ openstreetmap.com], the collaborative global map made for the people by the people” (Keegan, 2010, p18).		“Maps are no longer static but dynamic, changed in real time by millions of users and offered to us free of charge by the likes of Google, Microsoft, Yahoo or [http://www.openstreetmap.org/ openstreetmap.com], the collaborative global map made for the people by the people” (Keegan, 2010, p18).
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	= Conclusion =		= Conclusion =

−	Cartography can be seen as art, method and exercise. Within the field of online mapping we see only the exercise. The map needs to understand cultural background and context, along with a historical framework of a place, essentially the method of how it came to be. The creative and subjective meaning that is seen as the art, is also lost. Exposure to these types of meanings are important when considering the potential of biases and the joy of debate and question that can come from them. The overpowering of the aerial view clouds the ability to walk through the city, and leaves us naively unaware of the places in our map that we no little about.	+	Cartography can be seen as art, method and exercise. Within the field of online mapping we see only the exercise. The map needs to understand cultural background and context, along with a historical framework of a place, essentially the method of how it came to be. The creative and subjective meaning that is seen as the art, is also lost.
		+
		+	Exposure to these types of meanings are important when considering the potential of biases and the joy of debate and question that can come from them. The overpowering of the aerial view clouds the ability to walk through the city, and leaves us naively unaware of the places in our map that we no little about.

	Wherever we are the map places us at the centre, it disregards what having a centre to a map can tell us about how the world has changed.		Wherever we are the map places us at the centre, it disregards what having a centre to a map can tell us about how the world has changed.
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	* Building Information Modelling.		* Building Information Modelling.
	* Computer Aided Design.		* Computer Aided Design.
		+	* Psychogeography.
	* Smart cities.		* Smart cities.

Editor at 13:18, 23 August 2016

2016-08-23T13:18:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:18, 23 August 2016
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	* Architectural photography.		* Architectural photography.
	* 3D animation for insurance risk analysis.		* 3D animation for insurance risk analysis.
		+	* Building archaeology.
	* Building Information Modelling.		* Building Information Modelling.
	* Computer Aided Design.		* Computer Aided Design.