Calcination - Revision history

Designing Buildings at 05:53, 10 October 2022

2022-10-10T05:53:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:53, 10 October 2022
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	[[File:Limestone_crop.jpg\|link=File:Limestone_crop.jpg]]		[[File:Limestone_crop.jpg\|link=File:Limestone_crop.jpg]]

−	~~Calcination (calcined)~~ is the decomposition or purification of a material (primarily mixed carbonate ores) through exposure to extreme heat in a limited air or oxygenated environment. The process is a branch of extractive metallurgy, known as pyrometallurgy. Although carried out in a extreme heat environment the reaction that occurs is endothermic, because the treated material absorbs heat due to remaining cooler than its surroundings. It is in generally a synthesised process but can sometimes occur naturally for example under layers of hot volcanic ash from an active volcano.	+	= What is calcination? =

−	~~= Origins =~~	+	Calcination (calcined) is the decomposition or purification of a material (primarily mixed carbonate ores) through exposure to extreme heat in a limited air or oxygenated environment. The process is a branch of extractive metallurgy, known as pyrometallurgy. Although carried out in a extreme heat environment the reaction that occurs is endothermic, because the treated material absorbs heat due to remaining cooler than its surroundings. It is generally a synthesised process but can sometimes occur naturally for example under layers of hot volcanic ash from an active volcano.

−	The word originates from the Latin for calculate, which actually means to burn lime. It is still most commonly associated with the processing of carbonate based ores such as limestone (calcium carbonate) to carbon dioxide and lime (calcium oxide). In alchemy, one of two kinds of calcination, actual (from fire) and potential (from chemical reactions) were considered part of the 12 vital processes required for the transformation of a substance. However the term is today used to describe a wide range of high temperature treatments that dehydrate, decompose or chemically transform solid materials, by removing toxic unwanted, unstable or volatile substances, through oxidation or dehydration.	+	= Origins of calcination =

−	Another heat treatment process is 'roasting', although similar, this is different in that it is carried out in an excess of air or oxygen and is used to release unwanted gases or substances from sulphide ores in the manufacture of metals such as copper lead and zinc.	+	The word originates from the Latin for calculate, which actually means to burn lime. It is still most commonly associated with the processing of carbonate based ores such as limestone (calcium carbonate) to carbon dioxide and lime (calcium oxide). In alchemy, one of two kinds of calcination, actual (from fire) and potential (from chemical reactions) were considered part of the 12 vital processes required for the transformation of a substance. However the term is today used to describe a wide range of high temperature treatments that dehydrate, decompose or chemically transform solid materials by removing toxic unwanted, unstable or volatile substances, through oxidation or dehydration.
		+
		+	Another heat treatment process is 'roasting', although similar, this is different in that it is carried out in an excess of air or oxygen and is used to release unwanted gases or other substances from sulphide ores in the manufacture of metals such as copper lead and zinc.

	= Other calcines =		= Other calcines =

−	The calcination of bauxite and gypsum removes crystallised water to produce a very hard high friction mineral used in roads, pedestrian walkways and internal and external industrial flooring. In the case of gypsum it produces plaster and stucco materials ~~use~~ for internal finishes. It is also used to manufacture glass products through the calcination of anatase, a mineral form of titanium dioxide (TiO2), to rutile, an oxide mineral of the same, which is colourless and used to coat glass in antifog or self-cleaning films.	+	The calcination of bauxite and gypsum removes crystallised water to produce a very hard, high friction mineral used in roads, pedestrian walkways and internal and external industrial flooring. In the case of gypsum it produces plaster and stucco materials used for internal finishes. It is also used to manufacture glass products through the calcination of anatase, a mineral form of titanium dioxide (TiO2), to rutile, an oxide mineral of the same, which is colourless and used to coat glass in antifog or self-cleaning films.

	The process is also used to purify raw petroleum coke, aluminosilicate minerals for catalysts and absorbents, as well as hydrofluoric acid to create uranium dioxide used in the nuclear industry and hydrofluoric gases used to process pharmaceuticals and refrigerants.		The process is also used to purify raw petroleum coke, aluminosilicate minerals for catalysts and absorbents, as well as hydrofluoric acid to create uranium dioxide used in the nuclear industry and hydrofluoric gases used to process pharmaceuticals and refrigerants.
Line 23:		Line 25:
	= Carbon dioxide and calcination =		= Carbon dioxide and calcination =

−	Around 40% of limestone by weight is CO2. This is released during the calcination process and accounts for about 60% of the emissions of cement production, a further 30% can be accounted for by the fuel used to achieve the high temperatures. To keep in line with a net-zero emissions scenario by 2050 an annual decrease in cement related emissions of around 3% is required as a minimum~~, currently~~ these have been increasing by 1.8% per year from 2015.	+	Around 40% of limestone by weight is CO2. This is released during the calcination process and accounts for about 60% of the emissions from cement production, a further 30% can be accounted for by the fuel used to achieve the high temperatures. To keep in line with a net-zero emissions scenario by 2050 an annual decrease in cement related emissions of around 3% is required as a minimum. Currently these have been increasing by 1.8% per year from 2015.

−	To keep in line with requirements of the Paris Agreement on climate change by 2030 annual emissions from cement would need to decrease by at least 16%, which one might assume approximately 10% needs to come directly from the calcination.	+	To keep in line with requirements of the Paris Agreement on climate change by 2030 annual emissions from cement would need to decrease by at least 16%, of which one might assume approximately 10% needs to come directly from the calcination.

	The primary approaches to reducing calcination related emissions are:		The primary approaches to reducing calcination related emissions are:

Designing Buildings at 16:52, 5 September 2022

2022-09-05T16:52:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:52, 5 September 2022
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	[[File:Limestone_crop.jpg\|link=File:Limestone_crop.jpg]]		[[File:Limestone_crop.jpg\|link=File:Limestone_crop.jpg]]

−	Calcination (calcined)~~, in simple terms~~ is ~~considered to be a~~ decomposition or purification ~~process~~ of a material (primarily mixed carbonate ores) through exposure to extreme heat in a limited air or oxygenated environment. The process is a branch of extractive metallurgy, known as pyrometallurgy~~, which refers to treatments using extreme~~. Although carried out in a extreme heat environment the reaction that occurs is endothermic, because the treated material absorbs heat due to remaining cooler than its surroundings. It is in generally a synthesised process but can sometimes occur naturally for example under layers of hot volcanic ash from an active volcano.	+	Calcination (calcined) is the decomposition or purification of a material (primarily mixed carbonate ores) through exposure to extreme heat in a limited air or oxygenated environment. The process is a branch of extractive metallurgy, known as pyrometallurgy. Although carried out in a extreme heat environment the reaction that occurs is endothermic, because the treated material absorbs heat due to remaining cooler than its surroundings. It is in generally a synthesised process but can sometimes occur naturally for example under layers of hot volcanic ash from an active volcano.

	= Origins =		= Origins =

−	The word originates from the Latin for calculate, which actually means to burn lime. It is still most commonly associated with processing of carbonate based ores such as limestone (calcium carbonate) to carbon dioxide and lime (calcium oxide). In alchemy, one of two kinds of calcination, actual (from fire) and potential (from chemical reactions) were considered part of the 12 vital processes required for the transformation of a substance. However the term is today used to describe a wide range of high temperature treatments that dehydrate, decompose or chemically transform solid materials, by removing toxic, unwanted, unstable or volatile substances, through oxidation or dehydration.	+	The word originates from the Latin for calculate, which actually means to burn lime. It is still most commonly associated with the processing of carbonate based ores such as limestone (calcium carbonate) to carbon dioxide and lime (calcium oxide). In alchemy, one of two kinds of calcination, actual (from fire) and potential (from chemical reactions) were considered part of the 12 vital processes required for the transformation of a substance. However the term is today used to describe a wide range of high temperature treatments that dehydrate, decompose or chemically transform solid materials, by removing toxic unwanted, unstable or volatile substances, through oxidation or dehydration.

−	Another heat treatment process is ~~called~~ roasting, although similar, this is different in that it is carried out in an excess of air or oxygen and is used to release unwanted gases or substances from sulphide ores in the manufacture of metals such as copper lead and zinc.	+	Another heat treatment process is 'roasting', although similar, this is different in that it is carried out in an excess of air or oxygen and is used to release unwanted gases or substances from sulphide ores in the manufacture of metals such as copper lead and zinc.

	= Other calcines =		= Other calcines =

−	The calcination of bauxite ~~as well as~~ gypsum removes crystallised water, to produce a very hard high friction mineral used in roads, pedestrian walkways or internal and external industrial flooring~~, in~~ the case of gypsum it produces plaster and stucco materials use for internal finishes. It is also used to manufacture glass products through the calcination of anatase, a mineral form of titanium dioxide (TiO2), to rutile, an oxide mineral of the same, which is colourless and used to coat glass in antifog or self-cleaning films. The process is also used to purify raw petroleum coke, aluminosilicate minerals for catalysts and absorbents, as well as hydrofluoric acid to create uranium dioxide used in nuclear industry and hydrofluoric gases used to process pharmaceuticals and refrigerants.	+	The calcination of bauxite and gypsum removes crystallised water to produce a very hard high friction mineral used in roads, pedestrian walkways and internal and external industrial flooring. In the case of gypsum it produces plaster and stucco materials use for internal finishes. It is also used to manufacture glass products through the calcination of anatase, a mineral form of titanium dioxide (TiO2), to rutile, an oxide mineral of the same, which is colourless and used to coat glass in antifog or self-cleaning films.
		+
		+	The process is also used to purify raw petroleum coke, aluminosilicate minerals for catalysts and absorbents, as well as hydrofluoric acid to create uranium dioxide used in the nuclear industry and hydrofluoric gases used to process pharmaceuticals and refrigerants.

	[[File:Gypsum_and_Bauxite_mine.jpg\|link=File:Gypsum_and_Bauxite_mine.jpg]]		[[File:Gypsum_and_Bauxite_mine.jpg\|link=File:Gypsum_and_Bauxite_mine.jpg]]
Line 17:		Line 19:
	= Limestone calcination =		= Limestone calcination =

−	The most well-known use of calcination is that of limestone, clay and other substances in the production of clinker which is a main component of cement ~~used in~~ concrete. In this process limestone and clay, as well as iron ore, steel slag or ~~different~~ ashes are heated to around 1,450C, where calcination splits the material into calcium oxide and CO2. The new substance of small grey balls is known as clinker which is cooled and crushed to a powder and mixed with around 2-3% gypsum (also produced through calcination) to create what is known as ordinary Portland Cement.	+	The most well-known use of calcination is that of limestone, clay and other substances in the production of clinker which is a main component of cement of concrete. In this process limestone and clay, as well as iron ore, steel slag or ashes are heated to around 1,450C, where calcination splits the material into calcium oxide and CO2. The new substance of small grey balls is known as clinker which is cooled and crushed to a powder and mixed with around 2-3% gypsum (also produced through calcination) to create what is known as ordinary Portland Cement.

	= Carbon dioxide and calcination =		= Carbon dioxide and calcination =

−	Around 40% of limestone by weight is CO2~~, this~~ is released during the calcination process and accounts for about 60% of the emissions of cement production, a further 30% can be accounted for by the fuel used to achieve the high temperatures. To keep in line with a net-zero emissions scenario by 2050 an annual decrease in cement related emissions of around 3% is required ~~per year~~ as a minimum, currently these have been increasing by 1.8% per year from 2015. To keep in line with requirements of the Paris Agreement on climate change by 2030 annual emissions from cement would need to decrease by at least 16%, which one might assume approximately 10% needs to come directly from the calcination.	+	Around 40% of limestone by weight is CO2. This is released during the calcination process and accounts for about 60% of the emissions of cement production, a further 30% can be accounted for by the fuel used to achieve the high temperatures. To keep in line with a net-zero emissions scenario by 2050 an annual decrease in cement related emissions of around 3% is required as a minimum, currently these have been increasing by 1.8% per year from 2015.
		+
		+	To keep in line with requirements of the Paris Agreement on climate change by 2030 annual emissions from cement would need to decrease by at least 16%, which one might assume approximately 10% needs to come directly from the calcination.

	The primary approaches to reducing calcination related emissions are:		The primary approaches to reducing calcination related emissions are:

	* Reducing in the demand for clinker, through design and specification, as well as broadening the range of cement blends.		* Reducing in the demand for clinker, through design and specification, as well as broadening the range of cement blends.
−	* Employing ~~Carbon Capture~~ technologies at the point of emission from cement plants, along with innovative use and ~~Storage~~ of captured carbon (CCUS)	+	* Employing carbon capture technologies at the point of emission from cement plants, along with innovative use and storage of captured carbon (CCUS).
−	* Adaptation of processes ~~to be able~~ to use alternative fuels sources. (calcination related emissions)	+	* Adaptation of processes to use alternative fuels sources. (calcination related emissions).

	= Related external links and references =		= Related external links and references =

−	B. Rand, in [https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780080347202/concise-encyclopedia-of-advanced-ceramic-materials Concise Encyclopedia of Advanced Ceramic Materials], 1991	+	* B. Rand, in [https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780080347202/concise-encyclopedia-of-advanced-ceramic-materials Concise Encyclopedia of Advanced Ceramic Materials], 1991
−		+	* [https://alchemymineral.com/calcined-bauxite/ https://alchemymineral.com/calcined-bauxite/]
−	[https://alchemymineral.com/calcined-bauxite/ https://alchemymineral.com/calcined-bauxite/]	+	* [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/calcination https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/calcination]
−		+	* [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2542435121001975?dgcid=author https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2542435121001975?dgcid=author]
−	[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/calcination https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/calcination]	+
−		+
−	[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2542435121001975?dgcid=author https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2542435121001975?dgcid=author]	+

	= Related articles on Designing Buildings =		= Related articles on Designing Buildings =

Editor at 10:09, 5 September 2022

2022-09-05T10:09:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:09, 5 September 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[File:Limestone_crop.jpg\|link=File:Limestone_crop.jpg]]		[[File:Limestone_crop.jpg\|link=File:Limestone_crop.jpg]]

−	Calcination (calcined), in simple terms is considered to be a decomposition or purification process of a material (primarily mixed carbonate ores) through exposure to extreme heat in a limited air or oxygenated environment. The process is ~~endothermic~~ which ~~means that although it occurs~~ in extreme heat, the treated material ~~remains~~ cooler than its surroundings ~~thus absorbing heat~~. It is in generally a synthesised process but can sometimes occur naturally for example under layers of hot volcanic ash from an active volcano.	+	Calcination (calcined), in simple terms is considered to be a decomposition or purification process of a material (primarily mixed carbonate ores) through exposure to extreme heat in a limited air or oxygenated environment. The process is a branch of extractive metallurgy, known as pyrometallurgy, which refers to treatments using extreme. Although carried out in a extreme heat environment the reaction that occurs is endothermic, because the treated material absorbs heat due to remaining cooler than its surroundings. It is in generally a synthesised process but can sometimes occur naturally for example under layers of hot volcanic ash from an active volcano.

	= Origins =		= Origins =

Editor at 10:03, 5 September 2022

2022-09-05T10:03:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:03, 5 September 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[File:Limestone_crop.jpg\|link=File:Limestone_crop.jpg]]		[[File:Limestone_crop.jpg\|link=File:Limestone_crop.jpg]]

−	Calcination (calcined), in simple terms is considered to be a decomposition or purification process of a material (primarily mixed carbonate ores) through exposure to extreme heat in a limited air or oxygenated environment. It is in generally a synthesised process but can sometimes occur naturally for example under layers of hot volcanic ash from an active volcano.	+	Calcination (calcined), in simple terms is considered to be a decomposition or purification process of a material (primarily mixed carbonate ores) through exposure to extreme heat in a limited air or oxygenated environment. The process is endothermic which means that although it occurs in extreme heat, the treated material remains cooler than its surroundings thus absorbing heat. It is in generally a synthesised process but can sometimes occur naturally for example under layers of hot volcanic ash from an active volcano.

	= Origins =		= Origins =
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	* Coal ash.		* Coal ash.
	* Decarbonising concrete in the UK.		* Decarbonising concrete in the UK.
		+	* Roasting.
	* Types of cement.		* Types of cement.

	[[Category:DCN_Commentary]] [[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:DCN_Research,_Development_and_Innovation]] [[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Water]] [[Category:Sustainability]] [[Category:Construction_management]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Procurement]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]		[[Category:DCN_Commentary]] [[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:DCN_Research,_Development_and_Innovation]] [[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Water]] [[Category:Sustainability]] [[Category:Construction_management]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Procurement]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]

Editor at 08:24, 3 September 2022

2022-09-03T08:24:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:24, 3 September 2022
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−	[[File:~~Limestone crop~~.jpg]]	+	[[File:Limestone_crop.jpg\|link=File:Limestone_crop.jpg]]

	Calcination (calcined), in simple terms is considered to be a decomposition or purification process of a material (primarily mixed carbonate ores) through exposure to extreme heat in a limited air or oxygenated environment. It is in generally a synthesised process but can sometimes occur naturally for example under layers of hot volcanic ash from an active volcano.		Calcination (calcined), in simple terms is considered to be a decomposition or purification process of a material (primarily mixed carbonate ores) through exposure to extreme heat in a limited air or oxygenated environment. It is in generally a synthesised process but can sometimes occur naturally for example under layers of hot volcanic ash from an active volcano.
Line 5:		Line 5:
	= Origins =		= Origins =

−	The word originates from the Latin for calculate, which actually means to burn lime. It is still most commonly associated with processing of carbonate based ores such as limestone (calcium carbonate) to carbon dioxide and lime (calcium oxide). However the term is today used to describe a wide range of high temperature treatments that dehydrate, decompose or chemically transform solid materials, by removing toxic, unwanted, unstable or volatile substances, through oxidation or dehydration~~. In alchemy, one of two kinds of calcination, actual (from fire) and potential (from chemical reactions) were considered part of the 12 vital processes required for the transformation of a substance~~.	+	The word originates from the Latin for calculate, which actually means to burn lime. It is still most commonly associated with processing of carbonate based ores such as limestone (calcium carbonate) to carbon dioxide and lime (calcium oxide). In alchemy, one of two kinds of calcination, actual (from fire) and potential (from chemical reactions) were considered part of the 12 vital processes required for the transformation of a substance. However the term is today used to describe a wide range of high temperature treatments that dehydrate, decompose or chemically transform solid materials, by removing toxic, unwanted, unstable or volatile substances, through oxidation or dehydration.

−	~~The~~ heat treatment process ~~that~~ is called roasting although similar, is different in that it is carried out in an excess of air or oxygen and used to release unwanted gases or substances from sulphide ores in the manufacture of metals such as copper lead and zinc.	+	Another heat treatment process is called roasting, although similar, this is different in that it is carried out in an excess of air or oxygen and is used to release unwanted gases or substances from sulphide ores in the manufacture of metals such as copper lead and zinc.

−	= ~~Wider meaning~~ =	+	= Other calcines =

	The calcination of bauxite as well as gypsum removes crystallised water, to produce a very hard high friction mineral used in roads, pedestrian walkways or internal and external industrial flooring, in the case of gypsum it produces plaster and stucco materials use for internal finishes. It is also used to manufacture glass products through the calcination of anatase, a mineral form of titanium dioxide (TiO2), to rutile, an oxide mineral of the same, which is colourless and used to coat glass in antifog or self-cleaning films. The process is also used to purify raw petroleum coke, aluminosilicate minerals for catalysts and absorbents, as well as hydrofluoric acid to create uranium dioxide used in nuclear industry and hydrofluoric gases used to process pharmaceuticals and refrigerants.		The calcination of bauxite as well as gypsum removes crystallised water, to produce a very hard high friction mineral used in roads, pedestrian walkways or internal and external industrial flooring, in the case of gypsum it produces plaster and stucco materials use for internal finishes. It is also used to manufacture glass products through the calcination of anatase, a mineral form of titanium dioxide (TiO2), to rutile, an oxide mineral of the same, which is colourless and used to coat glass in antifog or self-cleaning films. The process is also used to purify raw petroleum coke, aluminosilicate minerals for catalysts and absorbents, as well as hydrofluoric acid to create uranium dioxide used in nuclear industry and hydrofluoric gases used to process pharmaceuticals and refrigerants.
Line 15:		Line 15:
	[[File:Gypsum_and_Bauxite_mine.jpg\|link=File:Gypsum_and_Bauxite_mine.jpg]]		[[File:Gypsum_and_Bauxite_mine.jpg\|link=File:Gypsum_and_Bauxite_mine.jpg]]

−	= ~~Cement production~~ =	+	= Limestone calcination =

	The most well-known use of calcination is that of limestone, clay and other substances in the production of clinker which is a main component of cement used in concrete. In this process limestone and clay, as well as iron ore, steel slag or different ashes are heated to around 1,450C, where calcination splits the material into calcium oxide and CO2. The new substance of small grey balls is known as clinker which is cooled and crushed to a powder and mixed with around 2-3% gypsum (also produced through calcination) to create what is known as ordinary Portland Cement.		The most well-known use of calcination is that of limestone, clay and other substances in the production of clinker which is a main component of cement used in concrete. In this process limestone and clay, as well as iron ore, steel slag or different ashes are heated to around 1,450C, where calcination splits the material into calcium oxide and CO2. The new substance of small grey balls is known as clinker which is cooled and crushed to a powder and mixed with around 2-3% gypsum (also produced through calcination) to create what is known as ordinary Portland Cement.

−	= Carbon ~~Dioxide~~ =	+	= Carbon dioxide and calcination =

	Around 40% of limestone by weight is CO2, this is released during the calcination process and accounts for about 60% of the emissions of cement production, a further 30% can be accounted for by the fuel used to achieve the high temperatures. To keep in line with a net-zero emissions scenario by 2050 an annual decrease in cement related emissions of around 3% is required per year as a minimum, currently these have been increasing by 1.8% per year from 2015. To keep in line with requirements of the Paris Agreement on climate change by 2030 annual emissions from cement would need to decrease by at least 16%, which one might assume approximately 10% needs to come directly from the calcination.		Around 40% of limestone by weight is CO2, this is released during the calcination process and accounts for about 60% of the emissions of cement production, a further 30% can be accounted for by the fuel used to achieve the high temperatures. To keep in line with a net-zero emissions scenario by 2050 an annual decrease in cement related emissions of around 3% is required per year as a minimum, currently these have been increasing by 1.8% per year from 2015. To keep in line with requirements of the Paris Agreement on climate change by 2030 annual emissions from cement would need to decrease by at least 16%, which one might assume approximately 10% needs to come directly from the calcination.

Editor at 08:19, 3 September 2022

2022-09-03T08:19:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:19, 3 September 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	[[File:Limestone~~.jpg\|link=File:Limestone~~.jpg]]	+	[[File:Limestone crop.jpg]]

−	Calcination (calcined), in simple terms is considered to be a decomposition or purification process of a material (primarily mixed carbonate ores) through exposure to extreme heat in a limited air or oxygenated environment. It is in generally a synthesised process but can sometimes occur naturally for example under layers of hot volcanic ash from a active volcano.	+	Calcination (calcined), in simple terms is considered to be a decomposition or purification process of a material (primarily mixed carbonate ores) through exposure to extreme heat in a limited air or oxygenated environment. It is in generally a synthesised process but can sometimes occur naturally for example under layers of hot volcanic ash from an active volcano.

	= Origins =		= Origins =

Editor at 08:17, 3 September 2022

2022-09-03T08:17:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:17, 3 September 2022
Line 2:		Line 2:

	Calcination (calcined), in simple terms is considered to be a decomposition or purification process of a material (primarily mixed carbonate ores) through exposure to extreme heat in a limited air or oxygenated environment. It is in generally a synthesised process but can sometimes occur naturally for example under layers of hot volcanic ash from a active volcano.		Calcination (calcined), in simple terms is considered to be a decomposition or purification process of a material (primarily mixed carbonate ores) through exposure to extreme heat in a limited air or oxygenated environment. It is in generally a synthesised process but can sometimes occur naturally for example under layers of hot volcanic ash from a active volcano.
		+
		+	= Origins =

	The word originates from the Latin for calculate, which actually means to burn lime. It is still most commonly associated with processing of carbonate based ores such as limestone (calcium carbonate) to carbon dioxide and lime (calcium oxide). However the term is today used to describe a wide range of high temperature treatments that dehydrate, decompose or chemically transform solid materials, by removing toxic, unwanted, unstable or volatile substances, through oxidation or dehydration. In alchemy, one of two kinds of calcination, actual (from fire) and potential (from chemical reactions) were considered part of the 12 vital processes required for the transformation of a substance.		The word originates from the Latin for calculate, which actually means to burn lime. It is still most commonly associated with processing of carbonate based ores such as limestone (calcium carbonate) to carbon dioxide and lime (calcium oxide). However the term is today used to describe a wide range of high temperature treatments that dehydrate, decompose or chemically transform solid materials, by removing toxic, unwanted, unstable or volatile substances, through oxidation or dehydration. In alchemy, one of two kinds of calcination, actual (from fire) and potential (from chemical reactions) were considered part of the 12 vital processes required for the transformation of a substance.

	The heat treatment process that is called roasting although similar, is different in that it is carried out in an excess of air or oxygen and used to release unwanted gases or substances from sulphide ores in the manufacture of metals such as copper lead and zinc.		The heat treatment process that is called roasting although similar, is different in that it is carried out in an excess of air or oxygen and used to release unwanted gases or substances from sulphide ores in the manufacture of metals such as copper lead and zinc.
		+
		+	= Wider meaning =

	The calcination of bauxite as well as gypsum removes crystallised water, to produce a very hard high friction mineral used in roads, pedestrian walkways or internal and external industrial flooring, in the case of gypsum it produces plaster and stucco materials use for internal finishes. It is also used to manufacture glass products through the calcination of anatase, a mineral form of titanium dioxide (TiO2), to rutile, an oxide mineral of the same, which is colourless and used to coat glass in antifog or self-cleaning films. The process is also used to purify raw petroleum coke, aluminosilicate minerals for catalysts and absorbents, as well as hydrofluoric acid to create uranium dioxide used in nuclear industry and hydrofluoric gases used to process pharmaceuticals and refrigerants.		The calcination of bauxite as well as gypsum removes crystallised water, to produce a very hard high friction mineral used in roads, pedestrian walkways or internal and external industrial flooring, in the case of gypsum it produces plaster and stucco materials use for internal finishes. It is also used to manufacture glass products through the calcination of anatase, a mineral form of titanium dioxide (TiO2), to rutile, an oxide mineral of the same, which is colourless and used to coat glass in antifog or self-cleaning films. The process is also used to purify raw petroleum coke, aluminosilicate minerals for catalysts and absorbents, as well as hydrofluoric acid to create uranium dioxide used in nuclear industry and hydrofluoric gases used to process pharmaceuticals and refrigerants.

	[[File:Gypsum_and_Bauxite_mine.jpg\|link=File:Gypsum_and_Bauxite_mine.jpg]]		[[File:Gypsum_and_Bauxite_mine.jpg\|link=File:Gypsum_and_Bauxite_mine.jpg]]
		+
		+	= Cement production =

	The most well-known use of calcination is that of limestone, clay and other substances in the production of clinker which is a main component of cement used in concrete. In this process limestone and clay, as well as iron ore, steel slag or different ashes are heated to around 1,450C, where calcination splits the material into calcium oxide and CO2. The new substance of small grey balls is known as clinker which is cooled and crushed to a powder and mixed with around 2-3% gypsum (also produced through calcination) to create what is known as ordinary Portland Cement.		The most well-known use of calcination is that of limestone, clay and other substances in the production of clinker which is a main component of cement used in concrete. In this process limestone and clay, as well as iron ore, steel slag or different ashes are heated to around 1,450C, where calcination splits the material into calcium oxide and CO2. The new substance of small grey balls is known as clinker which is cooled and crushed to a powder and mixed with around 2-3% gypsum (also produced through calcination) to create what is known as ordinary Portland Cement.
		+
		+	= Carbon Dioxide =

	Around 40% of limestone by weight is CO2, this is released during the calcination process and accounts for about 60% of the emissions of cement production, a further 30% can be accounted for by the fuel used to achieve the high temperatures. To keep in line with a net-zero emissions scenario by 2050 an annual decrease in cement related emissions of around 3% is required per year as a minimum, currently these have been increasing by 1.8% per year from 2015. To keep in line with requirements of the Paris Agreement on climate change by 2030 annual emissions from cement would need to decrease by at least 16%, which one might assume approximately 10% needs to come directly from the calcination.		Around 40% of limestone by weight is CO2, this is released during the calcination process and accounts for about 60% of the emissions of cement production, a further 30% can be accounted for by the fuel used to achieve the high temperatures. To keep in line with a net-zero emissions scenario by 2050 an annual decrease in cement related emissions of around 3% is required per year as a minimum, currently these have been increasing by 1.8% per year from 2015. To keep in line with requirements of the Paris Agreement on climate change by 2030 annual emissions from cement would need to decrease by at least 16%, which one might assume approximately 10% needs to come directly from the calcination.

Editor at 07:26, 3 September 2022

2022-09-03T07:26:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:26, 3 September 2022
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	[[File:Limestone.jpg\|link=File:Limestone.jpg]]		[[File:Limestone.jpg\|link=File:Limestone.jpg]]

−	Calcination (~~also called~~ calcined), in simple terms is considered to be a decomposition or purification process of a material (primarily mixed carbonate ores) through exposure to extreme heat in a limited air or oxygenated environment. It is in generally a synthesised process but can sometimes occur naturally for example under layers of hot volcanic ash from a active volcano.	+	Calcination (calcined), in simple terms is considered to be a decomposition or purification process of a material (primarily mixed carbonate ores) through exposure to extreme heat in a limited air or oxygenated environment. It is in generally a synthesised process but can sometimes occur naturally for example under layers of hot volcanic ash from a active volcano.

	The word originates from the Latin for calculate, which actually means to burn lime. It is still most commonly associated with processing of carbonate based ores such as limestone (calcium carbonate) to carbon dioxide and lime (calcium oxide). However the term is today used to describe a wide range of high temperature treatments that dehydrate, decompose or chemically transform solid materials, by removing toxic, unwanted, unstable or volatile substances, through oxidation or dehydration. In alchemy, one of two kinds of calcination, actual (from fire) and potential (from chemical reactions) were considered part of the 12 vital processes required for the transformation of a substance.		The word originates from the Latin for calculate, which actually means to burn lime. It is still most commonly associated with processing of carbonate based ores such as limestone (calcium carbonate) to carbon dioxide and lime (calcium oxide). However the term is today used to describe a wide range of high temperature treatments that dehydrate, decompose or chemically transform solid materials, by removing toxic, unwanted, unstable or volatile substances, through oxidation or dehydration. In alchemy, one of two kinds of calcination, actual (from fire) and potential (from chemical reactions) were considered part of the 12 vital processes required for the transformation of a substance.

Editor at 07:26, 3 September 2022

2022-09-03T07:26:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:26, 3 September 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[File:Limestone.jpg\|link=File:Limestone.jpg]]		[[File:Limestone.jpg\|link=File:Limestone.jpg]]

−	Calcination, in simple terms is considered to be a decomposition or purification process of a material (primarily mixed carbonate ores) through exposure to extreme heat in a limited air or oxygenated environment. It is in generally a synthesised process but can sometimes occur naturally for example under layers of hot volcanic ash from a active volcano.	+	Calcination (also called calcined), in simple terms is considered to be a decomposition or purification process of a material (primarily mixed carbonate ores) through exposure to extreme heat in a limited air or oxygenated environment. It is in generally a synthesised process but can sometimes occur naturally for example under layers of hot volcanic ash from a active volcano.

	The word originates from the Latin for calculate, which actually means to burn lime. It is still most commonly associated with processing of carbonate based ores such as limestone (calcium carbonate) to carbon dioxide and lime (calcium oxide). However the term is today used to describe a wide range of high temperature treatments that dehydrate, decompose or chemically transform solid materials, by removing toxic, unwanted, unstable or volatile substances, through oxidation or dehydration. In alchemy, one of two kinds of calcination, actual (from fire) and potential (from chemical reactions) were considered part of the 12 vital processes required for the transformation of a substance.		The word originates from the Latin for calculate, which actually means to burn lime. It is still most commonly associated with processing of carbonate based ores such as limestone (calcium carbonate) to carbon dioxide and lime (calcium oxide). However the term is today used to describe a wide range of high temperature treatments that dehydrate, decompose or chemically transform solid materials, by removing toxic, unwanted, unstable or volatile substances, through oxidation or dehydration. In alchemy, one of two kinds of calcination, actual (from fire) and potential (from chemical reactions) were considered part of the 12 vital processes required for the transformation of a substance.

Editor at 07:25, 3 September 2022

2022-09-03T07:25:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:25, 3 September 2022
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	= Related articles on Designing Buildings =		= Related articles on Designing Buildings =

−	* ~~Artificial cement~~.	+	* Carbon dioxide curing.
−	* ~~Asbestos cement~~.	+	* Curing.
−	* Biocement	+
	* Cement and concrete companies release 2050 Climate Ambition.		* Cement and concrete companies release 2050 Climate Ambition.
	* Cementitious.		* Cementitious.
	* Coal ash.		* Coal ash.
	* Decarbonising concrete in the UK.		* Decarbonising concrete in the UK.
−	* Geopolymer cement.
−	* High alumina cement.
−	* Medina Cement.
−	* Natural cement.
−	* Portland cement.
	* Types of cement.		* Types of cement.

	[[Category:DCN_Commentary]] [[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:DCN_Research,_Development_and_Innovation]] [[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Water]] [[Category:Sustainability]] [[Category:Construction_management]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Procurement]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]		[[Category:DCN_Commentary]] [[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:DCN_Research,_Development_and_Innovation]] [[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Water]] [[Category:Sustainability]] [[Category:Construction_management]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Procurement]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]