COVID-19 and the global construction industry - Revision history

Editor: Redirected page to Coronavirus and the construction industry

2021-05-20T19:04:33Z

Redirected page to Coronavirus and the construction industry

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:04, 20 May 2021
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	Like other industries, the Global Construction Industry suffered a setback due to Covid-19 as people went into isolation for many days. They could not go out for work or perform any production works in industries with vast machinery pieces. However, work from home option was available to some people, but some construction companies couldn’t facilitate this work mode as it required constant monitoring for the best output. All these left some people jobless and to some extent led to declination in incomes. Out of all such effects, the five most essential results are highlighted here.	+	#Redirect:[[Coronavirus_and_the_construction_industry\|Coronavirus and the construction industry]]
−		+
−	~~[[File~~:~~Excavator-1174428_1920.jpg\|500px\|link=File:Excavator-1174428_1920.jpg]]~~	+
−		+
−	~~== 5 Most Important Effects ==~~	+
−		+
−	~~<br />~~	+
−	~~Some of the most important effects that created havoc around the world are –~~	+
−		+
−	~~=== <br />~~	+
−	~~1. The decline in import and export ===~~	+
−		+
−	Some construction firms mostly import raw materials from countries like China. The figure is estimated to be around 80% worldwide and 30% in the US. Due to the lockdown in China, many businesses had taken an exit from the construction industry, which became a matter of concern to engineers, contractors, and other professionals related to this industry. Prices of materials like copper and aluminium went high as demand increased in the market compared to supply. Other sectors of the construction industry include sealants, adhesives, waterproofing, mortars, and so on.	+
−		+
−	[[~~File:Cargo-ships-4519830_1920.jpg~~\|~~500px\|link=File:Cargo-ships-4519830_1920.jpg]]~~	+
−		+
−	~~=== 2. Reduction in Manpower ===~~	+
−		+
−	In places like Dubai, many laborers are nomads who settled just for the sake of earning a handsome amount of money by working. This pandemic made them unable to travel to distant places in search of work. Many big projects came to a halt due to travel restrictions imposed by the government. Even site owners and ~~contractors implemented travel bans to reduce infection anomalies. Thus, health became a primary concern over work.~~	+
−		+
−	~~[[File:Brick-laying-272189_19201.jpg\|500px\|link=File:Brick-laying-272189_19201.jpg]]~~	+
−		+
−	~~=== <br />~~	+
−	~~3. Declination in income ===~~	+
−		+
−	~~After~~ the ‘Black Monday’ in 1987, the stock market of The United States of America underwent the most remarkable decline that led to the prediction of recession globally in 2020. Investors continuously cancelled long-term and short-term projects as they didn’t want to risk their money-losing. However, some companies like China State Construction Engineering Corporation Limited, Lauren, and Turbo Construction changed their strategies. They tried to maintain their grip in the market, which later on proved to be successful.	+
−		+
−	~~[[File:Money.jpg\|500px\|link=File:Money.jpg]]~~	+
−		+
−	~~=== 4. Burden of paused construction works ===~~	+
−		+
−	=== Almost all the construction companies temporarily stopped the activities due to incomplete authorization by the high authority or bill payments. The contractors who were in charge of site activities could no longer manage the time of completion. This situation impacted the clients who were in a hurry to shift to their new home due to the pandemic. Moreover, the management activities were significantly affected due to the increase in virus infections. This primary concern was unavoidable globally.<br />	+
−	~~<br />~~	+
−	~~[[File:Constructionclosed.jpg\|500px\|link=File:Constructionclosed.jpg]]<br />~~	+
−	~~<br />~~	+
−	~~5. Deduction in budget ===~~	+
−		+
−	Many employees have globally reported that they were handed over less salary or been fired from work due to their inability to offer services. Despite not being their fault, they had to pay the price, which caused them depressions, anxiety, and many other mental illnesses. On the other hand, prices of goods increased, making their lives even more challenging as they could not fulfill their needs. However, when the cases started to reduce, some construction industry ~~successfully revived almost 60% of their lost employees.~~	+
−		+
−	~~[[File:Pexels-karolina-grabowska-4386373.jpg\|500px\|link=File:Pexels-karolina-grabowska-4386373.jpg~~]]	+
−		+
−	~~== <br />~~	+
−	~~Summary ==~~	+
−		+
−	~~<br />~~	+
−	Although efforts are being made to accomplish the delay due to Covid-19, some construction industries suffered a major breakdown in their activities, which might take a year or two for recovery. Apart from this, major leading industries like Bechtel Group, Balfour Beatty, and Skanska Construction are taking a step forward towards economic growth and a healthy economy by reducing activities, projects, and many more. In the future, it can be hoped that a digital construction layout can accelerate the growth of the construction economy, leading to more opportunities for the next generations.	+
−		+
−	~~== References ==~~	+
−		+
−	~~<br />~~	+
−	• Businesswire, “Impact of COVID-19 on the Global Construction Industry with Forecasts to 2021 - ResearchAndMarkets.com”- [https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200929005783/en/Impact-of-COVID-19-on-the-Global-Construction-Industry-with-Forecasts-to-2021---ResearchAndMarkets.com https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200929005783/en/Impact-of-COVID-19-on-the-Global-Construction-Industry-with-Forecasts-to-2021---ResearchAndMarkets.com]<br />	+
−	• SNC Lavalin, “Possible Impacts of COVID-19 on Construction Markets”- [https://www.snclavalin.com/en/beyond-engineering/possible-impacts-covid-19-on-construction-markets https://www.snclavalin.com/en/beyond-engineering/possible-impacts-covid-19-on-construction-markets]<br />	+
−	• EMR, “Impact of COVID-19 on the Global Construction and Building Market”- [https://www.expertmarketresearch.com/reports/impact-of-covid-19-construction-and-building-market https://www.expertmarketresearch.com/reports/impact-of-covid-19-construction-and-building-market]<br />	+
−	• Markets and Markets, “Impact of COVID-19 on Construction Industry Market by Type (Residential, Non-Residential, Heavy & Civil Engineering) and Region - Global Forecast to 2021”- [https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/covid-19-impact-on-construction-market-65270035.html https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/covid-19-impact-on-construction-market-65270035.html]<br />	+
−	• ForConstructionPros.com, “Construction Industry Has Recovered 60% of Jobs Lost in Early 2020”- [https://www.forconstructionpros.com/business/press-release/21174200/associated-builders-and-contractors-inc-abc-construction-industry-has-recovered-60-of-jobs-lost-in-early-2020 https://www.forconstructionpros.com/business/press-release/21174200/associated-builders-and-contractors-inc-abc-construction-industry-has-recovered-60-of-jobs-lost-in-early-2020]	+

	[[Category:Circular_economy]] [[Category:Education]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:International]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]] [[Category:Publications_/_reports]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Theory]] [[Category:Construction_management]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Cost_/_business_planning]] [[Category:Conservation]]		[[Category:Circular_economy]] [[Category:Education]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:International]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]] [[Category:Publications_/_reports]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Theory]] [[Category:Construction_management]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Cost_/_business_planning]] [[Category:Conservation]]

Editor: moved Top 5 effects of Covid-19 on Global Construction Industry to COVID-19 and the global construction industry

2021-05-20T18:50:06Z

moved Top 5 effects of Covid-19 on Global Construction Industry to COVID-19 and the global construction industry

← Older revision

Revision as of 18:50, 20 May 2021

Designing Buildings: moved Self cleaning concrete to Top 5 effects of Covid-19 on Global Construction Industry

2021-05-17T05:30:01Z

moved Self cleaning concrete to Top 5 effects of Covid-19 on Global Construction Industry

← Older revision

Revision as of 05:30, 17 May 2021

Nafisa Nazneen Choudhury at 16:24, 16 May 2021

2021-05-16T16:24:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:24, 16 May 2021
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	~~= TOP 5 EFFECTS OF COVID-19 ON GLOBAL CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY =~~
−
	Like other industries, the Global Construction Industry suffered a setback due to Covid-19 as people went into isolation for many days. They could not go out for work or perform any production works in industries with vast machinery pieces. However, work from home option was available to some people, but some construction companies couldn’t facilitate this work mode as it required constant monitoring for the best output. All these left some people jobless and to some extent led to declination in incomes. Out of all such effects, the five most essential results are highlighted here.		Like other industries, the Global Construction Industry suffered a setback due to Covid-19 as people went into isolation for many days. They could not go out for work or perform any production works in industries with vast machinery pieces. However, work from home option was available to some people, but some construction companies couldn’t facilitate this work mode as it required constant monitoring for the best output. All these left some people jobless and to some extent led to declination in incomes. Out of all such effects, the five most essential results are highlighted here.

Nafisa Nazneen Choudhury at 16:16, 16 May 2021

2021-05-16T16:16:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:16, 16 May 2021
Line 3:		Line 3:
	Like other industries, the Global Construction Industry suffered a setback due to Covid-19 as people went into isolation for many days. They could not go out for work or perform any production works in industries with vast machinery pieces. However, work from home option was available to some people, but some construction companies couldn’t facilitate this work mode as it required constant monitoring for the best output. All these left some people jobless and to some extent led to declination in incomes. Out of all such effects, the five most essential results are highlighted here.		Like other industries, the Global Construction Industry suffered a setback due to Covid-19 as people went into isolation for many days. They could not go out for work or perform any production works in industries with vast machinery pieces. However, work from home option was available to some people, but some construction companies couldn’t facilitate this work mode as it required constant monitoring for the best output. All these left some people jobless and to some extent led to declination in incomes. Out of all such effects, the five most essential results are highlighted here.

−	[[File:Excavator-~~1174428 1920~~.jpg\|500px]]	+	[[File:Excavator-1174428_1920.jpg\|500px\|link=File:Excavator-1174428_1920.jpg]]

	== 5 Most Important Effects ==		== 5 Most Important Effects ==
Line 15:		Line 15:
	Some construction firms mostly import raw materials from countries like China. The figure is estimated to be around 80% worldwide and 30% in the US. Due to the lockdown in China, many businesses had taken an exit from the construction industry, which became a matter of concern to engineers, contractors, and other professionals related to this industry. Prices of materials like copper and aluminium went high as demand increased in the market compared to supply. Other sectors of the construction industry include sealants, adhesives, waterproofing, mortars, and so on.		Some construction firms mostly import raw materials from countries like China. The figure is estimated to be around 80% worldwide and 30% in the US. Due to the lockdown in China, many businesses had taken an exit from the construction industry, which became a matter of concern to engineers, contractors, and other professionals related to this industry. Prices of materials like copper and aluminium went high as demand increased in the market compared to supply. Other sectors of the construction industry include sealants, adhesives, waterproofing, mortars, and so on.

−	[[File:Cargo-ships-~~4519830 1920~~.jpg\|500px]]	+	[[File:Cargo-ships-4519830_1920.jpg\|500px\|link=File:Cargo-ships-4519830_1920.jpg]]

	=== 2. Reduction in Manpower ===		=== 2. Reduction in Manpower ===
Line 21:		Line 21:
	In places like Dubai, many laborers are nomads who settled just for the sake of earning a handsome amount of money by working. This pandemic made them unable to travel to distant places in search of work. Many big projects came to a halt due to travel restrictions imposed by the government. Even site owners and contractors implemented travel bans to reduce infection anomalies. Thus, health became a primary concern over work.		In places like Dubai, many laborers are nomads who settled just for the sake of earning a handsome amount of money by working. This pandemic made them unable to travel to distant places in search of work. Many big projects came to a halt due to travel restrictions imposed by the government. Even site owners and contractors implemented travel bans to reduce infection anomalies. Thus, health became a primary concern over work.

−	[[File:Brick-laying-~~272189 19201~~.jpg\|500px]]	+	[[File:Brick-laying-272189_19201.jpg\|500px\|link=File:Brick-laying-272189_19201.jpg]]

	=== <br />		=== <br />
Line 28:		Line 28:
	After the ‘Black Monday’ in 1987, the stock market of The United States of America underwent the most remarkable decline that led to the prediction of recession globally in 2020. Investors continuously cancelled long-term and short-term projects as they didn’t want to risk their money-losing. However, some companies like China State Construction Engineering Corporation Limited, Lauren, and Turbo Construction changed their strategies. They tried to maintain their grip in the market, which later on proved to be successful.		After the ‘Black Monday’ in 1987, the stock market of The United States of America underwent the most remarkable decline that led to the prediction of recession globally in 2020. Investors continuously cancelled long-term and short-term projects as they didn’t want to risk their money-losing. However, some companies like China State Construction Engineering Corporation Limited, Lauren, and Turbo Construction changed their strategies. They tried to maintain their grip in the market, which later on proved to be successful.

−	[[File:Money.jpg\|500px]]	+	[[File:Money.jpg\|500px\|link=File:Money.jpg]]

	=== 4. Burden of paused construction works ===		=== 4. Burden of paused construction works ===
Line 34:		Line 34:
	=== Almost all the construction companies temporarily stopped the activities due to incomplete authorization by the high authority or bill payments. The contractors who were in charge of site activities could no longer manage the time of completion. This situation impacted the clients who were in a hurry to shift to their new home due to the pandemic. Moreover, the management activities were significantly affected due to the increase in virus infections. This primary concern was unavoidable globally.<br />		=== Almost all the construction companies temporarily stopped the activities due to incomplete authorization by the high authority or bill payments. The contractors who were in charge of site activities could no longer manage the time of completion. This situation impacted the clients who were in a hurry to shift to their new home due to the pandemic. Moreover, the management activities were significantly affected due to the increase in virus infections. This primary concern was unavoidable globally.<br />
	<br />		<br />
−	[[File:Constructionclosed.jpg\|500px]]<br />	+	[[File:Constructionclosed.jpg\|500px\|link=File:Constructionclosed.jpg]]<br />
	<br />		<br />
	5. Deduction in budget ===		5. Deduction in budget ===
Line 40:		Line 40:
	Many employees have globally reported that they were handed over less salary or been fired from work due to their inability to offer services. Despite not being their fault, they had to pay the price, which caused them depressions, anxiety, and many other mental illnesses. On the other hand, prices of goods increased, making their lives even more challenging as they could not fulfill their needs. However, when the cases started to reduce, some construction industry successfully revived almost 60% of their lost employees.		Many employees have globally reported that they were handed over less salary or been fired from work due to their inability to offer services. Despite not being their fault, they had to pay the price, which caused them depressions, anxiety, and many other mental illnesses. On the other hand, prices of goods increased, making their lives even more challenging as they could not fulfill their needs. However, when the cases started to reduce, some construction industry successfully revived almost 60% of their lost employees.

−	[[File:Pexels-karolina-grabowska-4386373.jpg\|500px]]	+	[[File:Pexels-karolina-grabowska-4386373.jpg\|500px\|link=File:Pexels-karolina-grabowska-4386373.jpg]]

	== <br />		== <br />
Line 51:		Line 51:

	<br />		<br />
−	• Businesswire, “Impact of COVID-19 on the Global Construction Industry with Forecasts to 2021 - ResearchAndMarkets.com”- https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200929005783/en/Impact-of-COVID-19-on-the-Global-Construction-Industry-with-Forecasts-to-2021---ResearchAndMarkets.com<br />	+	• Businesswire, “Impact of COVID-19 on the Global Construction Industry with Forecasts to 2021 - ResearchAndMarkets.com”- [https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200929005783/en/Impact-of-COVID-19-on-the-Global-Construction-Industry-with-Forecasts-to-2021---ResearchAndMarkets.com https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200929005783/en/Impact-of-COVID-19-on-the-Global-Construction-Industry-with-Forecasts-to-2021---ResearchAndMarkets.com]<br />
−	• SNC Lavalin, “Possible Impacts of COVID-19 on Construction Markets”- https://www.snclavalin.com/en/beyond-engineering/possible-impacts-covid-19-on-construction-markets<br />	+	• SNC Lavalin, “Possible Impacts of COVID-19 on Construction Markets”- [https://www.snclavalin.com/en/beyond-engineering/possible-impacts-covid-19-on-construction-markets https://www.snclavalin.com/en/beyond-engineering/possible-impacts-covid-19-on-construction-markets]<br />
−	• EMR, “Impact of COVID-19 on the Global Construction and Building Market”- https://www.expertmarketresearch.com/reports/impact-of-covid-19-construction-and-building-market<br />	+	• EMR, “Impact of COVID-19 on the Global Construction and Building Market”- [https://www.expertmarketresearch.com/reports/impact-of-covid-19-construction-and-building-market https://www.expertmarketresearch.com/reports/impact-of-covid-19-construction-and-building-market]<br />
−	• Markets and Markets, “Impact of COVID-19 on Construction Industry Market by Type (Residential, Non-Residential, Heavy & Civil Engineering) and Region - Global Forecast to 2021”- https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/covid-19-impact-on-construction-market-65270035.html<br />	+	• Markets and Markets, “Impact of COVID-19 on Construction Industry Market by Type (Residential, Non-Residential, Heavy & Civil Engineering) and Region - Global Forecast to 2021”- [https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/covid-19-impact-on-construction-market-65270035.html https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/covid-19-impact-on-construction-market-65270035.html]<br />
−	• ForConstructionPros.com, “Construction Industry Has Recovered 60% of Jobs Lost in Early 2020”- https://www.forconstructionpros.com/business/press-release/21174200/associated-builders-and-contractors-inc-abc-construction-industry-has-recovered-60-of-jobs-lost-in-early-2020	+	• ForConstructionPros.com, “Construction Industry Has Recovered 60% of Jobs Lost in Early 2020”- [https://www.forconstructionpros.com/business/press-release/21174200/associated-builders-and-contractors-inc-abc-construction-industry-has-recovered-60-of-jobs-lost-in-early-2020 https://www.forconstructionpros.com/business/press-release/21174200/associated-builders-and-contractors-inc-abc-construction-industry-has-recovered-60-of-jobs-lost-in-early-2020]

	[[Category:Circular_economy]] [[Category:Education]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:International]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]] [[Category:Publications_/_reports]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Theory]] [[Category:Construction_management]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Cost_/_business_planning]] [[Category:Conservation]]		[[Category:Circular_economy]] [[Category:Education]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:International]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]] [[Category:Publications_/_reports]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Theory]] [[Category:Construction_management]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Cost_/_business_planning]] [[Category:Conservation]]

Nafisa Nazneen Choudhury: Created page with "= TOP 5 EFFECTS OF COVID-19 ON GLOBAL CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY = Like other industries, the Global Construction Industry suffered a setback due to Covid-19 as people went into isol..."

2021-05-16T16:14:44Z

Created page with "= TOP 5 EFFECTS OF COVID-19 ON GLOBAL CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY = Like other industries, the Global Construction Industry suffered a setback due to Covid-19 as people went into isol..."

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= TOP 5 EFFECTS OF COVID-19 ON GLOBAL CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY =

Like other industries, the Global Construction Industry suffered a setback due to Covid-19 as people went into isolation for many days. They could not go out for work or perform any production works in industries with vast machinery pieces. However, work from home option was available to some people, but some construction companies couldn’t facilitate this work mode as it required constant monitoring for the best output. All these left some people jobless and to some extent led to declination in incomes. Out of all such effects, the five most essential results are highlighted here.

[[File:Excavator-1174428 1920.jpg|500px]]

== 5 Most Important Effects ==

 
Some of the most important effects that created havoc around the world are –

=== 
1. The decline in import and export ===

Some construction firms mostly import raw materials from countries like China. The figure is estimated to be around 80% worldwide and 30% in the US. Due to the lockdown in China, many businesses had taken an exit from the construction industry, which became a matter of concern to engineers, contractors, and other professionals related to this industry. Prices of materials like copper and aluminium went high as demand increased in the market compared to supply. Other sectors of the construction industry include sealants, adhesives, waterproofing, mortars, and so on.

[[File:Cargo-ships-4519830 1920.jpg|500px]]

=== 2. Reduction in Manpower ===

In places like Dubai, many laborers are nomads who settled just for the sake of earning a handsome amount of money by working. This pandemic made them unable to travel to distant places in search of work. Many big projects came to a halt due to travel restrictions imposed by the government. Even site owners and contractors implemented travel bans to reduce infection anomalies. Thus, health became a primary concern over work.

[[File:Brick-laying-272189 19201.jpg|500px]]

=== 
3. Declination in income ===

After the ‘Black Monday’ in 1987, the stock market of The United States of America underwent the most remarkable decline that led to the prediction of recession globally in 2020. Investors continuously cancelled long-term and short-term projects as they didn’t want to risk their money-losing. However, some companies like China State Construction Engineering Corporation Limited, Lauren, and Turbo Construction changed their strategies. They tried to maintain their grip in the market, which later on proved to be successful.

[[File:Money.jpg|500px]]

=== 4. Burden of paused construction works ===

=== Almost all the construction companies temporarily stopped the activities due to incomplete authorization by the high authority or bill payments. The contractors who were in charge of site activities could no longer manage the time of completion. This situation impacted the clients who were in a hurry to shift to their new home due to the pandemic. Moreover, the management activities were significantly affected due to the increase in virus infections. This primary concern was unavoidable globally. 
 
[[File:Constructionclosed.jpg|500px]] 
 
5. Deduction in budget ===

Many employees have globally reported that they were handed over less salary or been fired from work due to their inability to offer services. Despite not being their fault, they had to pay the price, which caused them depressions, anxiety, and many other mental illnesses. On the other hand, prices of goods increased, making their lives even more challenging as they could not fulfill their needs. However, when the cases started to reduce, some construction industry successfully revived almost 60% of their lost employees.

[[File:Pexels-karolina-grabowska-4386373.jpg|500px]]

== 
Summary ==

 
Although efforts are being made to accomplish the delay due to Covid-19, some construction industries suffered a major breakdown in their activities, which might take a year or two for recovery. Apart from this, major leading industries like Bechtel Group, Balfour Beatty, and Skanska Construction are taking a step forward towards economic growth and a healthy economy by reducing activities, projects, and many more. In the future, it can be hoped that a digital construction layout can accelerate the growth of the construction economy, leading to more opportunities for the next generations.

== References ==

 
• Businesswire, “Impact of COVID-19 on the Global Construction Industry with Forecasts to 2021 - ResearchAndMarkets.com”- https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200929005783/en/Impact-of-COVID-19-on-the-Global-Construction-Industry-with-Forecasts-to-2021---ResearchAndMarkets.com 
• SNC Lavalin, “Possible Impacts of COVID-19 on Construction Markets”- https://www.snclavalin.com/en/beyond-engineering/possible-impacts-covid-19-on-construction-markets 
• EMR, “Impact of COVID-19 on the Global Construction and Building Market”- https://www.expertmarketresearch.com/reports/impact-of-covid-19-construction-and-building-market 
• Markets and Markets, “Impact of COVID-19 on Construction Industry Market by Type (Residential, Non-Residential, Heavy & Civil Engineering) and Region - Global Forecast to 2021”- https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/covid-19-impact-on-construction-market-65270035.html 
• ForConstructionPros.com, “Construction Industry Has Recovered 60% of Jobs Lost in Early 2020”- https://www.forconstructionpros.com/business/press-release/21174200/associated-builders-and-contractors-inc-abc-construction-industry-has-recovered-60-of-jobs-lost-in-early-2020

[[Category:Circular_economy]] [[Category:Education]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:International]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]] [[Category:Publications_/_reports]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Theory]] [[Category:Construction_management]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Cost_/_business_planning]] [[Category:Conservation]]