Building with structural stone - Revision history

Editor at 18:39, 26 May 2021

2021-05-26T18:39:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:39, 26 May 2021
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	* Defects in stonework.		* Defects in stonework.
	* Finding stone to conserve historic buildings.		* Finding stone to conserve historic buildings.
		+	* Joggle.
	* Masonry.		* Masonry.
	* Modern Stonemasonry.		* Modern Stonemasonry.

Editor at 17:31, 6 April 2021

2021-04-06T17:31:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:31, 6 April 2021
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	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =		= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =

		+	* Bond stone.
	* Choosing stone.		* Choosing stone.
	* Defects in stonework.		* Defects in stonework.

Designing Buildings at 06:59, 24 February 2021

2021-02-24T06:59:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:59, 24 February 2021
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	* Types of stone.		* Types of stone.

−	[[Category:~~Construction_techniques~~]] [[Category:~~Products_/_components~~]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]]	+	[[Category:DCN_Commentary]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]

Designing Buildings at 06:26, 15 June 2020

2020-06-15T06:26:58Z

Editor at 10:22, 1 June 2020

2020-06-01T10:22:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:22, 1 June 2020
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	--[[User:StoneCIRCLE\|StoneCIRCLE]]		--[[User:StoneCIRCLE\|StoneCIRCLE]]

−	~~-----~~
	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =		= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =

Editor at 10:20, 1 June 2020

2020-06-01T10:20:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:20, 1 June 2020
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	Architects are now experimenting with the use of stone blocks as a replacement for concrete block. Sometimes they are using it in conjunction with concrete to reinforce the structure where large openings are required.		Architects are now experimenting with the use of stone blocks as a replacement for concrete block. Sometimes they are using it in conjunction with concrete to reinforce the structure where large openings are required.

−	~~Tahia~~ and Webb advocate the use of stone pillars to replace concrete~~, and in~~ the Building Centre exhibition demonstrate that it is perfectly possible~~, and environ-mentally~~ more friendly to create a 30-storey tower from stone with 12m2 open plan stone floors made from blocks threaded together with cables. 15 Clerkenwell Close is proof that stone can be used in a modern idiom and does not just lend itself to a more historical context~~.<br />~~	+	Taha and Webb advocate the use of stone pillars to replace concrete. In the Building Centre exhibition, they demonstrate that it is perfectly possible. They also illustrate how it is environmentally more friendly to create a 30-storey tower from stone with 12m2 open plan stone floors made from blocks threaded together with cables. 15 Clerkenwell Close is proof that stone can be used in a modern idiom and does not just lend itself to a more historical context.
−	However even where a whole building is not going to be in stone, it is still possible to add in elements such as staircases, arches, columns that put the strength, longevity and environmental credentials of stone to good use.	+

−	~~Now that a climate emergency has officially been declared~~, ~~surely there has never been~~ a ~~better time~~ to ~~reconsider~~ the ~~use~~ of stone ~~in construction?~~	+	However, even where a whole building is not going to be in stone, it is still possible to add in elements such as staircases, arches and columns that put the strength, longevity and environmental credentials of stone to good use.

	--[[User:StoneCIRCLE\|StoneCIRCLE]]		--[[User:StoneCIRCLE\|StoneCIRCLE]]

		+	-----
	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =		= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =

Editor at 10:17, 1 June 2020

2020-06-01T10:17:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:17, 1 June 2020
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	In the UK, Amina Taha’s Groupwork architectural practice has been working closely with Steve Webb of Webb Yates and Pierre Badaud from the Stonemasonry Company Ltd to champion the use of stone as a loadbearing material. In February 2020, the Building Centre played host to an exhibition entitled “The New Stone Age”, curated by the three men.		In the UK, Amina Taha’s Groupwork architectural practice has been working closely with Steve Webb of Webb Yates and Pierre Badaud from the Stonemasonry Company Ltd to champion the use of stone as a loadbearing material. In February 2020, the Building Centre played host to an exhibition entitled “The New Stone Age”, curated by the three men.

−	= ~~The madness~~ of ~~modern building techniques~~ =	+	= Environmental benefits of stone =

−	When the quarry is close to the building site, the use of stone blocks to construct a building can be an environmentally friendly choice. The Inventory of Embodied Carbon and Energy 2019 gives general stone's carbon footprint as 0.079kg/kg (this is compared to 0.15kg/kg for concrete and 2.8kg/kg for steel).<br />	+	When the quarry is close to the building site, the use of stone blocks to construct a building can be an environmentally friendly choice. The Inventory of Embodied Carbon and Energy 2019 gives general stone's carbon footprint as 0.079kg/kg (this is compared to 0.15kg/kg for concrete and 2.8kg/kg for steel).
		+
		+	Stone does not need covering or coating to make it weatherproof, and although wood is lighter to transport and captures a lot of CO2 during its growth, it needs more processing than stone. Once the building reaches end of life, wooden structures may be left to rot or burnt, which releases CO2 into the atmosphere.<br />
	<br />		<br />
−	The production of concrete involves quarrying rock, grinding it up to make gravel, quarrying limestone, transporting it to factories and processing it to make cement, digging up sharp sand, then mixing them all with water to make liquid cement, and transporting it all to the building site. ~~We need~~ to ~~prepare the site~~, using wood ~~and timber~~ to support and form the concrete whilst it sets and waiting till it is dry enough to carry on with the site. At the end of ~~all~~ this ~~we have~~ a stone-like material that is approximately 20% of the strength of the original stone (40N vs 230N)~~, needing~~ steel to strengthen it. ~~And in~~ many cases we then ~~cover it~~ with a façade of stone.	+	The production of concrete involves quarrying rock, grinding it up to make gravel, quarrying limestone, transporting it to factories and processing it to make cement, digging up sharp sand, then mixing them all with water to make liquid cement, and transporting it all to the building site. The site then needs to be prepared, using wood to support and form the concrete whilst it sets and waiting till it is dry enough to carry on with the site. At the end of this process, there is a stone-like material that is approximately 20% of the strength of the original stone (40N vs 230N) and requires steel to strengthen it. In many cases, that structure is then covered with a façade of stone.

−	~~Stone does not need covering or coating to make it weatherproof, and although wood is lighter to transport and captures a lot~~ of ~~CO2 during its growth, it needs more processing than stone. Once the building reaches end of life, wooden structures may be left to rot or burnt, which releases CO2 into the atmosphere.~~	+	Another feature of stone is efficiency - nothing is lost in production. Even small offcuts are still of use as ballast or hardcore, and at the end of the building’s life, 95% of it can simply be removed and reused rather than going to landfill.
−		+
−	~~Another area where~~ stone ~~wins~~ is ~~that~~ nothing is lost in production ~~- even~~ small offcuts are still of use as ballast or hardcore, and at the end of the building’s life 95% of it ~~will~~ simply be removed and reused rather than going to landfill.	+

	The fact that stone has a high level of thermal inertia gives it very good insulating properties, making it easier to regulate the internal temperature.		The fact that stone has a high level of thermal inertia gives it very good insulating properties, making it easier to regulate the internal temperature.

−	It is of course a finite resource, but even if ~~we started using~~ it for all of the world’s construction, it would take many millennia for all of the stone in the world to be used up.	+	It is of course a finite resource, but even if it were used for all of the world’s construction, it would take many millennia for all of the stone in the world to be used up.

	= Construction possibilities =		= Construction possibilities =

−	The French architect, Fernand Pouillon, who was active after WW2, used stone blocks pre-cut to set dimensions for large scale projects such as one of 5000 dwellings in the Ile-de-France. These buildings became the model for future development~~, and architects~~ are now experimenting with the use of stone blocks as a replacement for concrete block~~, sometimes~~ in conjunction with concrete to reinforce the structure, where large openings are required.	+	The French architect Fernand Pouillon, who was active after WW2, used stone blocks pre-cut to set dimensions for large scale projects (such as one of 5000 dwellings in the Ile-de-France). These buildings became the model for future development.
		+
		+	Architects are now experimenting with the use of stone blocks as a replacement for concrete block. Sometimes they are using it in conjunction with concrete to reinforce the structure where large openings are required.

	Tahia and Webb advocate the use of stone pillars to replace concrete, and in the Building Centre exhibition demonstrate that it is perfectly possible, and environ-mentally more friendly to create a 30-storey tower from stone with 12m2 open plan stone floors made from blocks threaded together with cables. 15 Clerkenwell Close is proof that stone can be used in a modern idiom and does not just lend itself to a more historical context.<br />		Tahia and Webb advocate the use of stone pillars to replace concrete, and in the Building Centre exhibition demonstrate that it is perfectly possible, and environ-mentally more friendly to create a 30-storey tower from stone with 12m2 open plan stone floors made from blocks threaded together with cables. 15 Clerkenwell Close is proof that stone can be used in a modern idiom and does not just lend itself to a more historical context.<br />

Editor at 10:11, 1 June 2020

2020-06-01T10:11:19Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:11, 1 June 2020
Line 23:		Line 23:
	It is of course a finite resource, but even if we started using it for all of the world’s construction, it would take many millennia for all of the stone in the world to be used up.		It is of course a finite resource, but even if we started using it for all of the world’s construction, it would take many millennia for all of the stone in the world to be used up.

−	== Construction possibilities ==	+	= Construction possibilities =

	The French architect, Fernand Pouillon, who was active after WW2, used stone blocks pre-cut to set dimensions for large scale projects such as one of 5000 dwellings in the Ile-de-France. These buildings became the model for future development, and architects are now experimenting with the use of stone blocks as a replacement for concrete block, sometimes in conjunction with concrete to reinforce the structure, where large openings are required.		The French architect, Fernand Pouillon, who was active after WW2, used stone blocks pre-cut to set dimensions for large scale projects such as one of 5000 dwellings in the Ile-de-France. These buildings became the model for future development, and architects are now experimenting with the use of stone blocks as a replacement for concrete block, sometimes in conjunction with concrete to reinforce the structure, where large openings are required.
Line 32:		Line 32:
	Now that a climate emergency has officially been declared, surely there has never been a better time to reconsider the use of stone in construction?		Now that a climate emergency has officially been declared, surely there has never been a better time to reconsider the use of stone in construction?

−	--[[User:StoneCIRCLE\|StoneCIRCLE]] ~~13:08, 19 May 2020 (BST)~~	+	--[[User:StoneCIRCLE\|StoneCIRCLE]]
		+
		+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =
		+
		+	* Choosing stone.
		+	* Defects in stonework.
		+	* Finding stone to conserve historic buildings.
		+	* Masonry.
		+	* Modern Stonemasonry.
		+	* Natural stone cladding.
		+	* Natural stone.
		+	* Sustainable stone.
		+	* Stone dressing.
		+	* Types of stone.

	[[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]		[[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]

Editor at 10:01, 1 June 2020

2020-06-01T10:01:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:01, 1 June 2020
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−	=~~= Structural stone - a sustainable alternative =~~=	+	= Introduction =

−	The use of stone as a structural material has fallen so far out of favour in most of the world that its ~~prop-erties~~ are no longer even taught in architectural and structural engineering degrees in the UK, and there are few building standards to cover its use~~.<br />~~	+	The use of stone as a structural material has fallen so far out of favour in most of the world that its properties are no longer even taught in architectural and structural engineering degrees in the UK, and there are few building standards to cover its use.
−	The idea has been circulating for a while that stone should reclaim its place as a sustainable structural building material. France has been at the forefront of this, and has been using stone as a load bearing or semi-load bearing material since the end of WW2. As a result, although they still lack a building standard for the use of stone as a principle building material, most French quarries issue strength certificates for the stone that they produce.	+

−	~~In the UK Amina Taha’s Groupwork architectural practice has been working closely with Steve Webb of Webb Yates and Pierre Badaud from the Stonemasonry Company Ltd to champion the use~~ of stone ~~as a loadbearing material and~~ in ~~February 2020, the Building Centre played host to an exhibition entitled “The New Stone Age”, curated by the three men.~~	+	= Gradual emergence of stone in Europe =

−	~~== The madness~~ of ~~modern~~ building ~~techniques ==~~	+	There are some countries that are introducing the idea that stone should reclaim its place as a sustainable structural building material. France has been at the forefront of this and has been using stone as a load bearing or semi-load bearing material since the end of WW2. As a result, although they still lack a building standard for the use of stone as a principle building material, most French quarries issue strength certificates for the stone they produce.

−	~~Especially when~~ the ~~quarry is close~~ to ~~the building site,~~ the use of stone ~~blocks to construct~~ a ~~building can be more environmentally-friendly than brick or wood~~. ~~Stone does not need covering or coating to make it weatherproof~~, ~~and although wood is lighter to transport and captures a lot of CO2 during its growth, it needs more processing than stone, and once~~ the ~~building reaches end of life, it will be left~~ to ~~rot~~, ~~or burnt which releases that CO2 into~~ the ~~atmosphere~~.	+	In the UK, Amina Taha’s Groupwork architectural practice has been working closely with Steve Webb of Webb Yates and Pierre Badaud from the Stonemasonry Company Ltd to champion the use of stone as a loadbearing material. In February 2020, the Building Centre played host to an exhibition entitled “The New Stone Age”, curated by the three men.

−	The Inventory of Embodied Carbon and Energy 2019 gives ~~“general stone”’s~~ carbon footprint as 0.079kg/kg compared to 0.15kg/kg for concrete and 2.8kg/kg for steel.<br />	+	= The madness of modern building techniques =
		+
		+	When the quarry is close to the building site, the use of stone blocks to construct a building can be an environmentally friendly choice. The Inventory of Embodied Carbon and Energy 2019 gives general stone's carbon footprint as 0.079kg/kg (this is compared to 0.15kg/kg for concrete and 2.8kg/kg for steel).<br />
		+	<br />
	The production of concrete involves quarrying rock, grinding it up to make gravel, quarrying limestone, transporting it to factories and processing it to make cement, digging up sharp sand, then mixing them all with water to make liquid cement, and transporting it all to the building site. We need to prepare the site, using wood and timber to support and form the concrete whilst it sets and waiting till it is dry enough to carry on with the site. At the end of all this we have a stone-like material that is approximately 20% of the strength of the original stone (40N vs 230N), needing steel to strengthen it. And in many cases we then cover it with a façade of stone.		The production of concrete involves quarrying rock, grinding it up to make gravel, quarrying limestone, transporting it to factories and processing it to make cement, digging up sharp sand, then mixing them all with water to make liquid cement, and transporting it all to the building site. We need to prepare the site, using wood and timber to support and form the concrete whilst it sets and waiting till it is dry enough to carry on with the site. At the end of all this we have a stone-like material that is approximately 20% of the strength of the original stone (40N vs 230N), needing steel to strengthen it. And in many cases we then cover it with a façade of stone.
		+
		+	Stone does not need covering or coating to make it weatherproof, and although wood is lighter to transport and captures a lot of CO2 during its growth, it needs more processing than stone. Once the building reaches end of life, wooden structures may be left to rot or burnt, which releases CO2 into the atmosphere.

	Another area where stone wins is that nothing is lost in production - even small offcuts are still of use as ballast or hardcore, and at the end of the building’s life 95% of it will simply be removed and reused rather than going to landfill.		Another area where stone wins is that nothing is lost in production - even small offcuts are still of use as ballast or hardcore, and at the end of the building’s life 95% of it will simply be removed and reused rather than going to landfill.

Editor: moved Building with Structural Stone to Building with structural stone

2020-06-01T09:53:40Z

moved Building with Structural Stone to Building with structural stone

← Older revision

Revision as of 09:53, 1 June 2020

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:26, 15 June 2020
Line 1:		Line 1:
	= Introduction =		= Introduction =

−	The use of stone as a structural material has fallen so far out of favour in most of the world that its properties are no longer even taught in architectural and structural engineering degrees in the UK, and there are few building standards to cover its use.	+	The use of stone as a structural material has fallen so far out of favour in most of the world that its properties are no longer even taught in some architectural and structural engineering degrees in the UK, and there are few building standards to cover its use.

	= Gradual emergence of stone in Europe =		= Gradual emergence of stone in Europe =

−	~~There are some~~ countries ~~that~~ are introducing the idea that stone should reclaim its place as a sustainable structural building material. France has been at the forefront of this and has been using stone as a load bearing or semi-load bearing material since the end of WW2. As a result, although they still lack a building standard for the use of stone as a principle building material, most French quarries issue strength certificates for the stone they produce.	+	Some countries are introducing the idea that stone should reclaim its place as a sustainable structural building material. France has been at the forefront of this and has been using stone as a load bearing or semi-load bearing material since the end of WW2. As a result, although they still lack a building standard for the use of stone as a principle building material, most French quarries issue strength certificates for the stone they produce.

	In the UK, Amina Taha’s Groupwork architectural practice has been working closely with Steve Webb of Webb Yates and Pierre Badaud from the Stonemasonry Company Ltd to champion the use of stone as a loadbearing material. In February 2020, the Building Centre played host to an exhibition entitled “The New Stone Age”, curated by the three men.		In the UK, Amina Taha’s Groupwork architectural practice has been working closely with Steve Webb of Webb Yates and Pierre Badaud from the Stonemasonry Company Ltd to champion the use of stone as a loadbearing material. In February 2020, the Building Centre played host to an exhibition entitled “The New Stone Age”, curated by the three men.
Line 13:		Line 13:
	When the quarry is close to the building site, the use of stone blocks to construct a building can be an environmentally friendly choice. The Inventory of Embodied Carbon and Energy 2019 gives general stone's carbon footprint as 0.079kg/kg (this is compared to 0.15kg/kg for concrete and 2.8kg/kg for steel).		When the quarry is close to the building site, the use of stone blocks to construct a building can be an environmentally friendly choice. The Inventory of Embodied Carbon and Energy 2019 gives general stone's carbon footprint as 0.079kg/kg (this is compared to 0.15kg/kg for concrete and 2.8kg/kg for steel).

−	Stone does not need covering or coating to make it weatherproof, and although wood is lighter to transport and captures ~~a lot of~~ CO2 during its growth, it needs more processing than stone. Once the building reaches end of life, wooden structures may be left to rot or burnt, which releases CO2 into the atmosphere.<br />	+	Stone does not need covering or coating to make it weatherproof, and although wood is lighter to transport and captures CO2 during its growth, it needs more processing than stone. Once the building reaches its end of life, wooden structures may be left to rot or burnt, which releases CO2 into the atmosphere.<br />
	<br />		<br />
−	The production of concrete involves quarrying rock, grinding it up to make gravel, quarrying limestone, transporting it to factories and processing it to make cement, digging up sharp sand, then mixing them all with water to make liquid cement, and transporting it all to the building site. The site then needs to be prepared, using ~~wood~~ to support and form the concrete whilst it sets ~~and waiting till it is dry enough to carry on with the site~~. At the end of this process, there is a stone-like material that is approximately 20% of the strength of the original stone (40N vs 230N) and requires steel to strengthen it. In many cases, that structure is then covered with a façade of stone.	+	The production of concrete involves quarrying rock, grinding it up to make gravel, quarrying limestone, transporting it to factories and processing it to make cement, digging up sharp sand, then mixing them all with water to make liquid cement, and transporting it all to the building site. The site then needs to be prepared, using timber to support and form the concrete whilst it sets. At the end of this process, there is a stone-like material that is approximately 20% of the strength of the original stone (40N vs 230N) and requires steel to strengthen it. In many cases, that structure is then covered with a façade of stone.

	Another feature of stone is efficiency - nothing is lost in production. Even small offcuts are still of use as ballast or hardcore, and at the end of the building’s life, 95% of it can simply be removed and reused rather than going to landfill.		Another feature of stone is efficiency - nothing is lost in production. Even small offcuts are still of use as ballast or hardcore, and at the end of the building’s life, 95% of it can simply be removed and reused rather than going to landfill.

	The fact that stone has a high level of thermal inertia gives it very good insulating properties, making it easier to regulate the internal temperature.		The fact that stone has a high level of thermal inertia gives it very good insulating properties, making it easier to regulate the internal temperature.
−
−	~~It is of course a finite resource, but even if it were used for all of the world’s construction, it would take many millennia for all of the stone in the world to be used up.~~

	= Construction possibilities =		= Construction possibilities =
Line 29:		Line 27:
	Architects are now experimenting with the use of stone blocks as a replacement for concrete block. Sometimes they are using it in conjunction with concrete to reinforce the structure where large openings are required.		Architects are now experimenting with the use of stone blocks as a replacement for concrete block. Sometimes they are using it in conjunction with concrete to reinforce the structure where large openings are required.

−	Taha and Webb advocate the use of stone pillars to replace concrete. In the Building Centre exhibition, they demonstrate that it is perfectly possible. They also illustrate how it is environmentally more friendly to create a 30-storey tower from stone with 12m2 open plan stone floors made from blocks threaded together with cables. 15 Clerkenwell Close is proof that stone can be used in a modern idiom and does not just lend itself to a more historical context.	+	Taha and Webb advocate the use of stone pillars to replace concrete. In the Building Centre exhibition, they demonstrate that this is perfectly possible. They also illustrate how it is environmentally more friendly to create a 30-storey tower from stone with 12m2 open plan stone floors made from blocks threaded together with cables. 15 Clerkenwell Close is proof that stone can be used in a modern idiom and does not just lend itself to a more historical context.

	However, even where a whole building is not going to be in stone, it is still possible to add in elements such as staircases, arches and columns that put the strength, longevity and environmental credentials of stone to good use.		However, even where a whole building is not going to be in stone, it is still possible to add in elements such as staircases, arches and columns that put the strength, longevity and environmental credentials of stone to good use.
Line 48:		Line 46:
	* Types of stone.		* Types of stone.

−	[[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]	+	[[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Products_/_components]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]]