Building transformation: concepts and definitions - Revision history

Designing Buildings at 11:44, 15 March 2023

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	# [https://doi.org/10.17226/2124 National Research Council (1993). The fourth dimension in building: Strategies for minimizing obsolescence. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/2124]		# [https://doi.org/10.17226/2124 National Research Council (1993). The fourth dimension in building: Strategies for minimizing obsolescence. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/2124]
	# [https://doi.org/10.17226/2124 National Research Council (1993). The fourth dimension in building: Strategies for minimizing obsolescence. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/2124. p. 68.]		# [https://doi.org/10.17226/2124 National Research Council (1993). The fourth dimension in building: Strategies for minimizing obsolescence. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/2124. p. 68.]
−	# ~~[https://doi.org/10.1108/F-07-2015-0053_~~ Pinder, A., Schmidt, R., Austin, S., & Gibb, A. (2016). What is meant by adaptability in buildings? Facilities 35(1/2), 2–20. ~~https://doi.org/10.1108/F-07-2015-0053]~~	+	# Pinder, A., Schmidt, R., Austin, S., & Gibb, A. (2016). What is meant by adaptability in buildings? Facilities 35(1/2), 2–20.
	# [https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315161440 Plevoets, B. & van Cleempoel, K. (2019). Adaptive reuse of the built heritage: concepts and cases of an emerging discipline. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315161440]		# [https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315161440 Plevoets, B. & van Cleempoel, K. (2019). Adaptive reuse of the built heritage: concepts and cases of an emerging discipline. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315161440]
	# Rouhi, J. (2016). Development of the Theories of Cultural Heritage Conservation in Europe: A Survey of 19th And 20th Century Theories.		# Rouhi, J. (2016). Development of the Theories of Cultural Heritage Conservation in Europe: A Survey of 19th And 20th Century Theories.

Editor at 12:19, 21 February 2022

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	For more information see: restoration		For more information see: restoration

−	= Related articles on ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/~~Designing ~~Designing] [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Building~~ Buildings] =	+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings =

	* Building adaptation.		* Building adaptation.

Editor at 12:17, 21 February 2022

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	= Related articles on [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Designing Designing] [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Building Buildings] =		= Related articles on [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Designing Designing] [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Building Buildings] =

−	* ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Building_adaptation~~ Building adaptation].	+	* Building adaptation.
−	* ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/National_Adaptation_Programme~~ National Adaptation Programme].	+	* National Adaptation Programme.
−	* ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Resilient_adaptation~~ Resilient adaptation].	+	* Resilient adaptation.
−	* ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Resilience~~ Resilience].	+	* Resilience.
−	* ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Future_proofing_construction~~ Future proofing construction].	+	* Future proofing construction.
−	* ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Design_flexibility~~ Design flexibility].	+	* Design flexibility.
−	* ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Refurbishment~~ Refurbishment]	+	* Refurbishment
−	* ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Comprehensive_refurbishment~~ Comprehensive refurbishment].	+	* Comprehensive refurbishment.
−	* ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Renovation~~ Renovation].	+	* Renovation.
−	* ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/~~Upgrade ~~Upgrade]~~.	+	* Upgrade.
−	* ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/~~Retrofit ~~Retrofit]~~	+	* Retrofit
−	* ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Energy_efficiency_retrofit_training_videos~~ Energy efficiency retrofit training videos].	+	* Energy efficiency retrofit training videos.
−	* ~~[[Loft_conversion\|~~Loft conversions]].	+	* Loft conversions.
−	* ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Refurbishment~~ Refurbishment].	+	* Refurbishment.
−	* ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/~~Renovation ~~Renovation]~~.	+	* Renovation.
−	* ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/~~Restoration ~~Restoration]~~.	+	* Restoration.
−	* ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Alterations_to_existing_buildings~~ Alterations to existing buildings].	+	* Alterations to existing buildings.
−	* ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Upcycling_buildings~~ Upcycling buildings].	+	* Upcycling buildings.
−	* ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Remedial_works~~ Remedial work].	+	* Remedial work.
−	* ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Design_for_deconstruction~~ Design for deconstruction].	+	* Design for deconstruction.
−	* ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Design_for_Manufacture_and_Assembly_(DfMA)~~ Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DfMA)].	+	* Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DfMA).
−	* ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Flat_pack~~ Flat pack].	+	* Flat pack.
−	* ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Kit_houses~~ Kit house].	+	* Kit house.
−	* ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Modern_methods_of_construction~~ Modern methods of construction].	+	* Modern methods of construction.
−	* ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Modular_Buildings_in_the_Educational_Sector~~ Modular buildings in the educational sector].	+	* Modular buildings in the educational sector.
−	* ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Modular_classrooms:_The_Friars_Primary_School_extension~~ Modular classrooms: The Friars Primary School extension].	+	* Modular classrooms: The Friars Primary School extension.
−	* ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Modular_construction_market_report_2020-2026~~ Modular construction market report 2020-2026].	+	* Modular construction market report 2020-2026.
−	* ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Modular_housing_and_electrical_circuitry~~ Modular housing and electrical circuitry].	+	* Modular housing and electrical circuitry.
−	* ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Volumetric_modular_construction~~ Volumetric modular construction].	+	* Volumetric modular construction.

	= References =		= References =

Editor at 12:15, 21 February 2022

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Editor at 12:11, 21 February 2022

2022-02-21T12:11:44Z

Show changes

95.90.238.181 at 12:01, 21 February 2022

2022-02-21T12:01:01Z

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	Refurbishment derives from the Latin words re (again) and furbish (to polish) and might describe a broad range of activities to improve current conditions of use or appearance, from deep cleaning or decoration to reconfiguration and replacement. In more formal terms the scope of interventions range from ‘improving environmental and operating costs’ to ‘repair work, renovations and alterations, and the structural rehabilitation’ of existing buildings [19]. These activities may be carried out in cycles as part of an ongoing management approach of developing, operating, maintaining, upgrading and disposing of assets, such as buildings (asset management). Increasingly, the term specifically covers additions which are made to improve energy or environmental performance (e.g. in-use energy efficiency and operating costs) of existing buildings [17]. However on the whole, refurbishment covers a wide range of interventions that aim to prolong the useful life of a building, which may include what might be considered aesthetic improvements, that often go beyond simple maintenance, repair work, and alteration. [13, 14, 18]		Refurbishment derives from the Latin words re (again) and furbish (to polish) and might describe a broad range of activities to improve current conditions of use or appearance, from deep cleaning or decoration to reconfiguration and replacement. In more formal terms the scope of interventions range from ‘improving environmental and operating costs’ to ‘repair work, renovations and alterations, and the structural rehabilitation’ of existing buildings [19]. These activities may be carried out in cycles as part of an ongoing management approach of developing, operating, maintaining, upgrading and disposing of assets, such as buildings (asset management). Increasingly, the term specifically covers additions which are made to improve energy or environmental performance (e.g. in-use energy efficiency and operating costs) of existing buildings [17]. However on the whole, refurbishment covers a wide range of interventions that aim to prolong the useful life of a building, which may include what might be considered aesthetic improvements, that often go beyond simple maintenance, repair work, and alteration. [13, 14, 18]
		+
		+	For more information see: Refurbishment

	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Refurbishment Refurbishment]		* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Refurbishment Refurbishment]
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	Retrofit involves the addition of elements or parts available after initial manufacture, installation or completion. In buildings terms this often involves the non-structural addition of new materials and elements to the existing fabric of a building. This will quite often relate to the redesign, reconstruction (whole or partial) or reconfiguration of existing technical services ( such as lighting, heating, cooling or ventilation) in order to meet new requirements, regulations or needs. The level of retrofit maybe described through additional terms such as in the case of deep retrofit. The goals of these changes might include for example improving energy efficiency (e.g. reducing fabric energy losses, improving the efficiency of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems) or improving performance (e.g. improving internal air quality with actuated windows). They may also include safety and comfort in use ( e.g. smoke detectors or carbon dioxide monitors) or increased accessibility (e.g. adding a lift or accessibility ramp). [10, 18] Guidance and even standards may be adjusted for the specific case of retrofit such as energy standards or access according to the disability discrimination act (DDA) for listed and historic buildings.		Retrofit involves the addition of elements or parts available after initial manufacture, installation or completion. In buildings terms this often involves the non-structural addition of new materials and elements to the existing fabric of a building. This will quite often relate to the redesign, reconstruction (whole or partial) or reconfiguration of existing technical services ( such as lighting, heating, cooling or ventilation) in order to meet new requirements, regulations or needs. The level of retrofit maybe described through additional terms such as in the case of deep retrofit. The goals of these changes might include for example improving energy efficiency (e.g. reducing fabric energy losses, improving the efficiency of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems) or improving performance (e.g. improving internal air quality with actuated windows). They may also include safety and comfort in use ( e.g. smoke detectors or carbon dioxide monitors) or increased accessibility (e.g. adding a lift or accessibility ramp). [10, 18] Guidance and even standards may be adjusted for the specific case of retrofit such as energy standards or access according to the disability discrimination act (DDA) for listed and historic buildings.
		+
		+	For more information see: Retrofit

	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Retrofit Retrofit]		* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Retrofit Retrofit]
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	Renovation derives from the Latin words re (again) and novare (make new). Generally, it can be defined as the process of cleaning, changing, replacing or repairing outdated components or remodelling, for example the interior spatial layout of an existing building, or its external facade, to bring it (back) into good condition. Hence, renovation means to improve a building’s state while not necessarily restoring it to a former state. It can include structural and non-structural interventions and is most commonly used as a broad building term in European countries. As it is a general term that has local differences in definition, it is seen as somewhat unpopular in the academic context. [13, 18]		Renovation derives from the Latin words re (again) and novare (make new). Generally, it can be defined as the process of cleaning, changing, replacing or repairing outdated components or remodelling, for example the interior spatial layout of an existing building, or its external facade, to bring it (back) into good condition. Hence, renovation means to improve a building’s state while not necessarily restoring it to a former state. It can include structural and non-structural interventions and is most commonly used as a broad building term in European countries. As it is a general term that has local differences in definition, it is seen as somewhat unpopular in the academic context. [13, 18]
		+
		+	For more information see: Renovation

	* [[Extension\|Extensions]].		* [[Extension\|Extensions]].
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	Rehabilitation addresses the need to substantially improve failing features of a building so that it can provide a compatible use, this will mainly involving the repair, alterations, additions or restoration of portions that convey historical, cultural or architectural value. The term to some extent assumes that the existing building has fallen into such a state of repair that it needs work in order to prevent further damage, the goal of the works are to bring it into a compatible contemporary use (as opposed to being purely repaired or restored). As such the works such as strengthening or replacement of a structure do so in a way that ‘returns its performance to levels approaching or exceeding those of a newly constructed facility’ [11]. In some cases, the terms cover an update of building systems to the latest building regulations. [10, 18] The term is perhaps more commonly used in the US construction industry, but is also used and understood in the UK. Should not be confused with buildings that are rehabilitation facilities, which describes the social function of a building to rehabilitate users after an illness or injury through various type of therapy or treatment. See also regeneration which applies to the urban context.		Rehabilitation addresses the need to substantially improve failing features of a building so that it can provide a compatible use, this will mainly involving the repair, alterations, additions or restoration of portions that convey historical, cultural or architectural value. The term to some extent assumes that the existing building has fallen into such a state of repair that it needs work in order to prevent further damage, the goal of the works are to bring it into a compatible contemporary use (as opposed to being purely repaired or restored). As such the works such as strengthening or replacement of a structure do so in a way that ‘returns its performance to levels approaching or exceeding those of a newly constructed facility’ [11]. In some cases, the terms cover an update of building systems to the latest building regulations. [10, 18] The term is perhaps more commonly used in the US construction industry, but is also used and understood in the UK. Should not be confused with buildings that are rehabilitation facilities, which describes the social function of a building to rehabilitate users after an illness or injury through various type of therapy or treatment. See also regeneration which applies to the urban context.
		+
		+	For more information see: Rehabilitation

	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Refurbishment Refurbishment].		* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Refurbishment Refurbishment].
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	Conversion includes the reuse of an existing building for a use different from the one for which it was originally designed with the aim of ‘extending the useful life of old, historic, obsolete, and derelict buildings’ [20]. Adaptive reuse, repurposing and conversion are often used interchangeably. The term conversion is a more formal term that refers explicitly to changes that involve a functional and a physical component. [10, 13, 18] Conversions from industrial to residential or commercial, residential to commercial and commercial to any other type are among the most commonly reported types of conversion found in the literature. Conversion bears high risks regarding return on investment and is therefore often disregarded as a potential alternative to demolition by owners and investors. Adaptive reuse aswell as repurposing can also refer to the reuse of building materials and components, as it does in Shahi et al. (2020), but this is not the standard use for the term.		Conversion includes the reuse of an existing building for a use different from the one for which it was originally designed with the aim of ‘extending the useful life of old, historic, obsolete, and derelict buildings’ [20]. Adaptive reuse, repurposing and conversion are often used interchangeably. The term conversion is a more formal term that refers explicitly to changes that involve a functional and a physical component. [10, 13, 18] Conversions from industrial to residential or commercial, residential to commercial and commercial to any other type are among the most commonly reported types of conversion found in the literature. Conversion bears high risks regarding return on investment and is therefore often disregarded as a potential alternative to demolition by owners and investors. Adaptive reuse aswell as repurposing can also refer to the reuse of building materials and components, as it does in Shahi et al. (2020), but this is not the standard use for the term.
		+
		+	For more information see: Conversion

	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Alterations_to_existing_buildings Alterations to existing buildings].		* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Alterations_to_existing_buildings Alterations to existing buildings].
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	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Upcycling_buildings Upcycling buildings].		* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Upcycling_buildings Upcycling buildings].

−	= Transformation =	+	= Transformation / transformative =

−	Transformation is an umbrella term for various kinds of comprehensive adaptation and refurbishment activities. From a functional perspective the term usually indicates a notable change in the use of a building, either through change of function(s) or significant alterations to the current function(s) via e.g. spatial rearrangements. In addition, the term may be applied to actions that do not directly affect the use of the building but otherwise majorly alter e.g. its appearance or technical performance, such as thorough façade renovation.	+	Transformation is an umbrella term for various kinds of comprehensive adaptation and refurbishment activities, often but not exclusively seen in the positive sense of improvement. The term may be related to transformative deisgn, which can be described as human-centred design that seeks to create positive environments that can impact towards positive behavioural change. From a functional perspective the term usually indicates a notable change in the use of a building, either through change of function(s) or significant alterations to the current function(s) via e.g. spatial rearrangements. In addition, the term may be applied to actions that do not directly affect the use of the building but otherwise majorly alter e.g. its appearance or technical performance, such as thorough façade renovation.
		+
		+	For more information see: Transformation

	= Building obsolescence =		= Building obsolescence =
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	Obsolescence in [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Building buildings] maybe somewhat irregular, it often differs from [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Context context] to [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Context context] as internal and external influences are diverse and effected by a multitude of [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Factor factors].		Obsolescence in [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Building buildings] maybe somewhat irregular, it often differs from [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Context context] to [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Context context] as internal and external influences are diverse and effected by a multitude of [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Factor factors].
		+
		+	For more information see: Obsolescence

	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Obsolescence Obsoolescence].		* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Obsolescence Obsoolescence].
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	Modularity involves the use of repetitive components and subsystems [10] that often allow a speedy assembly or disassembly, maintenance and replacement. National or international codes often regulate or have an indirect impact on dimensions (e.g. the dimensions of ship containers or lorries), in addition to which modules are custom size and system-specific. Modular buildings may be divided into building into zones or elements that can allow for greater control and efficiency in production, installation and use, which in turn can lead to economic and environmental efficiencies.		Modularity involves the use of repetitive components and subsystems [10] that often allow a speedy assembly or disassembly, maintenance and replacement. National or international codes often regulate or have an indirect impact on dimensions (e.g. the dimensions of ship containers or lorries), in addition to which modules are custom size and system-specific. Modular buildings may be divided into building into zones or elements that can allow for greater control and efficiency in production, installation and use, which in turn can lead to economic and environmental efficiencies.
		+
		+	For more information see: Modular buildings

	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/British_post-war_mass_housing British post-war mass housing].		* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/British_post-war_mass_housing British post-war mass housing].

Designing Buildings at 09:27, 21 February 2022

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	Adaptation covers a wide range of perspectives and its definition is very context specific. In terms of construction projects adaptability is often used as a synonym for flexibility, though the latter might imply fewer or lighter structural changes [4] as well interchangeable elemental, modular or component parts. More recently adaptation can be found with reference to environmental performance both internally (adaptive comfort) and externally (climate adaptation). The term adaptation can be roughly described as any adjustment to an existing building (over and beyond standard maintenance), its structural or non-structural fabric and layout. The purpose of adjustment being rehabilitation, changes in capacity, function or performance eventually extending a building’s life or increasing its value (in economic, social, environmental and aesthetical senses). In literature the term adaptation has been used to cover changes in use, physical layout and size. It also covers interventions to building components or materials and their reuse. Building adaptation might be roughly divided into building refurbishment and adaptive reuse, which can then be further divided into several other subcategories. [12, 13, 18]		Adaptation covers a wide range of perspectives and its definition is very context specific. In terms of construction projects adaptability is often used as a synonym for flexibility, though the latter might imply fewer or lighter structural changes [4] as well interchangeable elemental, modular or component parts. More recently adaptation can be found with reference to environmental performance both internally (adaptive comfort) and externally (climate adaptation). The term adaptation can be roughly described as any adjustment to an existing building (over and beyond standard maintenance), its structural or non-structural fabric and layout. The purpose of adjustment being rehabilitation, changes in capacity, function or performance eventually extending a building’s life or increasing its value (in economic, social, environmental and aesthetical senses). In literature the term adaptation has been used to cover changes in use, physical layout and size. It also covers interventions to building components or materials and their reuse. Building adaptation might be roughly divided into building refurbishment and adaptive reuse, which can then be further divided into several other subcategories. [12, 13, 18]
		+
		+	For more information see: Building adaptation.

	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Building_adaptation Building adaptation].		* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Building_adaptation Building adaptation].

Editor at 08:59, 21 February 2022

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	Renovation derives from the Latin words re (again) and novare (make new). Generally, it can be defined as the process of cleaning, changing, replacing or repairing outdated components or remodelling, for example the interior spatial layout of an existing building, or its external facade, to bring it (back) into good condition. Hence, renovation means to improve a building’s state while not necessarily restoring it to a former state. It can include structural and non-structural interventions and is most commonly used as a broad building term in European countries. As it is a general term that has local differences in definition, it is seen as somewhat unpopular in the academic context. [13, 18]		Renovation derives from the Latin words re (again) and novare (make new). Generally, it can be defined as the process of cleaning, changing, replacing or repairing outdated components or remodelling, for example the interior spatial layout of an existing building, or its external facade, to bring it (back) into good condition. Hence, renovation means to improve a building’s state while not necessarily restoring it to a former state. It can include structural and non-structural interventions and is most commonly used as a broad building term in European countries. As it is a general term that has local differences in definition, it is seen as somewhat unpopular in the academic context. [13, 18]

−	* [[_Extensions._Loft_conversions._Construction_of_a_basement._Redhttps://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Renovationesign_of_floor_plans._Re-wiring,_re-plumbing,_new_drainage_lines_and_so_on._Cosmetic_renovation_might_include:__Painting_and_other_forms_of_decoration_and_minor_repairs._Flooring._Updating_fixtures_and_fittings._Light_landscaping\|Renovation]].
	* [[Extension\|Extensions]].		* [[Extension\|Extensions]].
	* [[Loft_conversion\|Loft conversions]].		* [[Loft_conversion\|Loft conversions]].
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	= Building obsolescence =		= Building obsolescence =

−	~~Obsolescence is commonly used to~~ refer to the end-of-life of a building as the result of physical ~~and aesthetical~~ deterioration. More explicitly, it is the growing divergence between ~~steadily~~ rising expectations due to ~~technical~~ advances ~~and changes in demand~~ on one side, and declining performance on the other. The reasons for ~~this can~~ include ~~behavioural and physical aspects like the~~ degradation or fatigue of materials over time, ~~poor design choices or~~ insufficient ~~maintenance~~. ~~The maltreatment of a building such as misuse~~, overload or ~~a change in function are behavioural factors that might lead to obsolescence~~. Physical impacts of nearby construction, rising standards and government regulations amplify obsolescence. Social deprivation processes, criminality, availability ~~and~~ aesthetics ~~on the other hand, are~~ external behavioural factors. Obsolescence is irregular, it often differs from ~~building~~ to ~~building and its~~ internal and external ~~factors~~ are diverse and ~~influenced~~ by a multitude of factors. [~~10, 22~~]	+	In [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Construction construction] the term could refer to specific [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Products products] or [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Elements_of_a_building elements of a building] as well as the [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/End-of-life end-of-life] of the whole [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Building building]. It may be understood as being the result of physical [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Deterioration deterioration], technological advances or changes in preferences. More explicitly it may refer to the growing divergence between rising demand side expectations due to technological advances on the one side, and declining [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Performance performance] on the other.
		+
		+	The reasons for obsolescence might include:
		+
		+	* The [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Degradation degradation] or [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Fatigue fatigue] of [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Materials materials] over time, through insufficient [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Maintenance maintenance], overload, overuse, misuse or maltreatment.
		+	* Physical [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Impact impacts] of nearby [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Construction construction], rising [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Standards standards] and [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Government government] [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Regulations regulations] may amplify the onset of obsolescence, in the surroundings or [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Building building] [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Location locations].
		+	* Changes in [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Function function], use or needs that cannot be [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Accommodated accommodated] within the existing [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Design design].
		+	* Social deprivation processes, criminality, availability or simply [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Aesthetics aesthetics] as external behavioural [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Factor factors].
		+
		+	Obsolescence in [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Building buildings] maybe somewhat irregular, it often differs from [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Context context] to [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Context context] as internal and external influences are diverse and effected by a multitude of [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Factor factors].
		+
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Obsolescence Obsoolescence].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Remedial_works Remedial work].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Betterment Betterment].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Defects_list Defects list].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Making_good Making good].

	= Modularity =		= Modularity =

−	Modularity is the ~~division of a building into zones. The~~ use of repetitive components and subsystems [10] often allow a speedy assembly or disassembly, maintenance and replacement. National or international codes often regulate or have an indirect impact on dimensions (e.g. the dimensions of ship containers or lorries), in addition to which modules are custom size and system-specific.	+	Modularity involves the use of repetitive components and subsystems [10] that often allow a speedy assembly or disassembly, maintenance and replacement. National or international codes often regulate or have an indirect impact on dimensions (e.g. the dimensions of ship containers or lorries), in addition to which modules are custom size and system-specific. Modular buildings may be divided into building into zones or elements that can allow for greater control and efficiency in production, installation and use, which in turn can lead to economic and environmental efficiencies.
		+
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/British_post-war_mass_housing British post-war mass housing].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/BSRIA_launches_Offsite_Construction_for_Building_Services_topic_guide BSRIA launches Offsite Construction for Building Services topic guide].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Construction_Problems_Avoided_By_Using_A_Modular_Approach Construction problems avoided by using a modular approach].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Design_for_deconstruction Design for deconstruction].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Design_for_Manufacture_and_Assembly_(DfMA) Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DfMA)].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Factory-made_housing Factory-made housing].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Flat_pack Flat pack].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Kit_houses Kit house].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Modern_methods_of_construction Modern methods of construction].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Modular_Buildings_in_the_Educational_Sector Modular buildings in the educational sector].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Modular_classrooms:_The_Friars_Primary_School_extension Modular classrooms: The Friars Primary School extension].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Modular_construction_market_report_2020-2026 Modular construction market report 2020-2026].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Modular_housing_and_electrical_circuitry Modular housing and electrical circuitry].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Off-site_construction Off-site construction].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Off_site,_on_track Off site, on track].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Off-site_prefabrication_of_buildings:_A_guide_to_connection_choices Off-site prefabrication of buildings: A guide to connection choices].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Open_source_architectural_plans_for_modular_buildings Open source architectural plans for modular buildings].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Plug_and_play_skyscrapers Plug and play skyscrapers].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Pod Pod].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Volumetric_modular_construction Volumetric modular construction].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Volumetric_unit Volumetric unit].

	= Building life cycle =		= Building life cycle =

Editor at 08:33, 21 February 2022

2022-02-21T08:33:04Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:33, 21 February 2022
Line 10:		Line 10:
	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/National_Adaptation_Programme National Adaptation Programme].		* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/National_Adaptation_Programme National Adaptation Programme].
	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Resilient_adaptation Resilient adaptation].		* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Resilient_adaptation Resilient adaptation].
−	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/SUDS SuDs].
−	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/CIRIA CIRIA].
	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Resilience Resilience].		* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Resilience Resilience].
−	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Suds_manual SuDS manual].
−	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Sustainability Sustainability].
	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/BREEAM_Functional_adaptability BREEAM Functional adaptability].		* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/BREEAM_Functional_adaptability BREEAM Functional adaptability].
	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Future_proofing_construction Future proofing construction].		* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Future_proofing_construction Future proofing construction].
Line 22:		Line 18:

	Refurbishment derives from the Latin words re (again) and furbish (to polish) and might describe a broad range of activities to improve current conditions of use or appearance, from deep cleaning or decoration to reconfiguration and replacement. In more formal terms the scope of interventions range from ‘improving environmental and operating costs’ to ‘repair work, renovations and alterations, and the structural rehabilitation’ of existing buildings [19]. These activities may be carried out in cycles as part of an ongoing management approach of developing, operating, maintaining, upgrading and disposing of assets, such as buildings (asset management). Increasingly, the term specifically covers additions which are made to improve energy or environmental performance (e.g. in-use energy efficiency and operating costs) of existing buildings [17]. However on the whole, refurbishment covers a wide range of interventions that aim to prolong the useful life of a building, which may include what might be considered aesthetic improvements, that often go beyond simple maintenance, repair work, and alteration. [13, 14, 18]		Refurbishment derives from the Latin words re (again) and furbish (to polish) and might describe a broad range of activities to improve current conditions of use or appearance, from deep cleaning or decoration to reconfiguration and replacement. In more formal terms the scope of interventions range from ‘improving environmental and operating costs’ to ‘repair work, renovations and alterations, and the structural rehabilitation’ of existing buildings [19]. These activities may be carried out in cycles as part of an ongoing management approach of developing, operating, maintaining, upgrading and disposing of assets, such as buildings (asset management). Increasingly, the term specifically covers additions which are made to improve energy or environmental performance (e.g. in-use energy efficiency and operating costs) of existing buildings [17]. However on the whole, refurbishment covers a wide range of interventions that aim to prolong the useful life of a building, which may include what might be considered aesthetic improvements, that often go beyond simple maintenance, repair work, and alteration. [13, 14, 18]
		+
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Refurbishment Refurbishment]
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Alteration_work Alteration work].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/CIBSE_Case_Study_Angel_Building_Refurbishment CIBSE Case Study Angel Building Refurbishment].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/CIBSE_Case_Study_Thamesmead_Estate_Refurbishment CIBSE Case Study Thamesmead Estate Refurbishment].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Circular_Construction_in_Regenerative_Cities_(CIRCuIT) Circular Construction in Regenerative Cities (CIRCuIT)].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Comprehensive_refurbishment Comprehensive refurbishment].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Renovation Renovation].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Upgrade Upgrade].

	= Retrofitting of buildings / retrofit =		= Retrofitting of buildings / retrofit =

	Retrofit involves the addition of elements or parts available after initial manufacture, installation or completion. In buildings terms this often involves the non-structural addition of new materials and elements to the existing fabric of a building. This will quite often relate to the redesign, reconstruction (whole or partial) or reconfiguration of existing technical services ( such as lighting, heating, cooling or ventilation) in order to meet new requirements, regulations or needs. The level of retrofit maybe described through additional terms such as in the case of deep retrofit. The goals of these changes might include for example improving energy efficiency (e.g. reducing fabric energy losses, improving the efficiency of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems) or improving performance (e.g. improving internal air quality with actuated windows). They may also include safety and comfort in use ( e.g. smoke detectors or carbon dioxide monitors) or increased accessibility (e.g. adding a lift or accessibility ramp). [10, 18] Guidance and even standards may be adjusted for the specific case of retrofit such as energy standards or access according to the disability discrimination act (DDA) for listed and historic buildings.		Retrofit involves the addition of elements or parts available after initial manufacture, installation or completion. In buildings terms this often involves the non-structural addition of new materials and elements to the existing fabric of a building. This will quite often relate to the redesign, reconstruction (whole or partial) or reconfiguration of existing technical services ( such as lighting, heating, cooling or ventilation) in order to meet new requirements, regulations or needs. The level of retrofit maybe described through additional terms such as in the case of deep retrofit. The goals of these changes might include for example improving energy efficiency (e.g. reducing fabric energy losses, improving the efficiency of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems) or improving performance (e.g. improving internal air quality with actuated windows). They may also include safety and comfort in use ( e.g. smoke detectors or carbon dioxide monitors) or increased accessibility (e.g. adding a lift or accessibility ramp). [10, 18] Guidance and even standards may be adjusted for the specific case of retrofit such as energy standards or access according to the disability discrimination act (DDA) for listed and historic buildings.
		+
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Retrofit Retrofit]
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Retrofit_and_traditional_approaches_to_comfort Retrofit and traditional approaches to comfort].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Retrofit_coordinator Retrofit coordinator].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Retrofit,_refurbishment_and_the_growth_of_connected_HVAC_technology Retrofit, refurbishment and the growth of connected HVAC technology].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Retrofitting_solar_shading Retrofitting solar shading].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Energy_efficiency_retrofit_training_videos Energy efficiency retrofit training videos].

	= Renovation of buildings / renovate =		= Renovation of buildings / renovate =

	Renovation derives from the Latin words re (again) and novare (make new). Generally, it can be defined as the process of cleaning, changing, replacing or repairing outdated components or remodelling, for example the interior spatial layout of an existing building, or its external facade, to bring it (back) into good condition. Hence, renovation means to improve a building’s state while not necessarily restoring it to a former state. It can include structural and non-structural interventions and is most commonly used as a broad building term in European countries. As it is a general term that has local differences in definition, it is seen as somewhat unpopular in the academic context. [13, 18]		Renovation derives from the Latin words re (again) and novare (make new). Generally, it can be defined as the process of cleaning, changing, replacing or repairing outdated components or remodelling, for example the interior spatial layout of an existing building, or its external facade, to bring it (back) into good condition. Hence, renovation means to improve a building’s state while not necessarily restoring it to a former state. It can include structural and non-structural interventions and is most commonly used as a broad building term in European countries. As it is a general term that has local differences in definition, it is seen as somewhat unpopular in the academic context. [13, 18]
		+
		+	* [[_Extensions._Loft_conversions._Construction_of_a_basement._Redhttps://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Renovationesign_of_floor_plans._Re-wiring,_re-plumbing,_new_drainage_lines_and_so_on._Cosmetic_renovation_might_include:__Painting_and_other_forms_of_decoration_and_minor_repairs._Flooring._Updating_fixtures_and_fittings._Light_landscaping\|Renovation]].
		+	* [[Extension\|Extensions]].
		+	* [[Loft_conversion\|Loft conversions]].
		+	* Re-[[Wiring\|wiring]], re-[[Plumbing\|plumbing]], new [[Drainage\|drainage]] lines and so on.
		+	* [[Painting\|Painting]] and other [[Form\|forms]] of [[Decoration\|decoration]] and minor [[Repair\|repairs]].
		+	* Updating [[Fixtures\|fixtures]] and [[Fittings\|fittings]].
		+	* [[Light\|Light]] [[Landscaping\|landscaping]]

	= Building rehabilitation / rehabilitate =		= Building rehabilitation / rehabilitate =

	Rehabilitation addresses the need to substantially improve failing features of a building so that it can provide a compatible use, this will mainly involving the repair, alterations, additions or restoration of portions that convey historical, cultural or architectural value. The term to some extent assumes that the existing building has fallen into such a state of repair that it needs work in order to prevent further damage, the goal of the works are to bring it into a compatible contemporary use (as opposed to being purely repaired or restored). As such the works such as strengthening or replacement of a structure do so in a way that ‘returns its performance to levels approaching or exceeding those of a newly constructed facility’ [11]. In some cases, the terms cover an update of building systems to the latest building regulations. [10, 18] The term is perhaps more commonly used in the US construction industry, but is also used and understood in the UK. Should not be confused with buildings that are rehabilitation facilities, which describes the social function of a building to rehabilitate users after an illness or injury through various type of therapy or treatment. See also regeneration which applies to the urban context.		Rehabilitation addresses the need to substantially improve failing features of a building so that it can provide a compatible use, this will mainly involving the repair, alterations, additions or restoration of portions that convey historical, cultural or architectural value. The term to some extent assumes that the existing building has fallen into such a state of repair that it needs work in order to prevent further damage, the goal of the works are to bring it into a compatible contemporary use (as opposed to being purely repaired or restored). As such the works such as strengthening or replacement of a structure do so in a way that ‘returns its performance to levels approaching or exceeding those of a newly constructed facility’ [11]. In some cases, the terms cover an update of building systems to the latest building regulations. [10, 18] The term is perhaps more commonly used in the US construction industry, but is also used and understood in the UK. Should not be confused with buildings that are rehabilitation facilities, which describes the social function of a building to rehabilitate users after an illness or injury through various type of therapy or treatment. See also regeneration which applies to the urban context.
		+
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Refurbishment Refurbishment].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Remedial_works Remedial works].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Renovation Renovation].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Restoration Restoration].

	= Building conversion / adaptive reuse / repurposing =		= Building conversion / adaptive reuse / repurposing =

	Conversion includes the reuse of an existing building for a use different from the one for which it was originally designed with the aim of ‘extending the useful life of old, historic, obsolete, and derelict buildings’ [20]. Adaptive reuse, repurposing and conversion are often used interchangeably. The term conversion is a more formal term that refers explicitly to changes that involve a functional and a physical component. [10, 13, 18] Conversions from industrial to residential or commercial, residential to commercial and commercial to any other type are among the most commonly reported types of conversion found in the literature. Conversion bears high risks regarding return on investment and is therefore often disregarded as a potential alternative to demolition by owners and investors. Adaptive reuse aswell as repurposing can also refer to the reuse of building materials and components, as it does in Shahi et al. (2020), but this is not the standard use for the term.		Conversion includes the reuse of an existing building for a use different from the one for which it was originally designed with the aim of ‘extending the useful life of old, historic, obsolete, and derelict buildings’ [20]. Adaptive reuse, repurposing and conversion are often used interchangeably. The term conversion is a more formal term that refers explicitly to changes that involve a functional and a physical component. [10, 13, 18] Conversions from industrial to residential or commercial, residential to commercial and commercial to any other type are among the most commonly reported types of conversion found in the literature. Conversion bears high risks regarding return on investment and is therefore often disregarded as a potential alternative to demolition by owners and investors. Adaptive reuse aswell as repurposing can also refer to the reuse of building materials and components, as it does in Shahi et al. (2020), but this is not the standard use for the term.
		+
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Alterations_to_existing_buildings Alterations to existing buildings].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Licence_to_alter Licence to alter].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Loft_conversion Loft conversion].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Upcycling_buildings Upcycling buildings].

	= Transformation =		= Transformation =
Line 95:		Line 125:
	# [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.09.008 Sharma, A., Saxena, A., Sethi, M., Shree, V., & Varun. (2011). Life cycle assessment of buildings: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15(1), 871–875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.09.008]		# [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.09.008 Sharma, A., Saxena, A., Sethi, M., Shree, V., & Varun. (2011). Life cycle assessment of buildings: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15(1), 871–875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.09.008]
	# [https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2011.576328 Thomsen, A., & van der Flier, K. (2011). Understanding obsolescence: a conceptual model for buildings. Building Research and Information 39(4), 352–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2011.576328]		# [https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2011.576328 Thomsen, A., & van der Flier, K. (2011). Understanding obsolescence: a conceptual model for buildings. Building Research and Information 39(4), 352–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2011.576328]
		+
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Extension Extensions].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Loft_conversion Loft conversions].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Construction Construction] of a [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Basement basement].
		+	* Redesign of [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Floor_plan floor plans].
		+	* Re-[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Wiring wiring], re-[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Plumbing plumbing], new [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Drainage drainage] lines and so on.
		+
		+	Cosmetic renovation might include:
		+
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Painting Painting] and other [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Form forms] of [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Decoration decoration] and minor [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Repair repairs].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Flooring Flooring].
		+	* Updating [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Fixtures fixtures] and [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Fittings fittings].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Light Light] [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Landscaping landscaping]

	[[Category:Circular_economy]]		[[Category:Circular_economy]]

Editor at 08:17, 21 February 2022

2022-02-21T08:17:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:17, 21 February 2022
Line 6:		Line 6:

	Adaptation covers a wide range of perspectives and its definition is very context specific. In terms of construction projects adaptability is often used as a synonym for flexibility, though the latter might imply fewer or lighter structural changes [4] as well interchangeable elemental, modular or component parts. More recently adaptation can be found with reference to environmental performance both internally (adaptive comfort) and externally (climate adaptation). The term adaptation can be roughly described as any adjustment to an existing building (over and beyond standard maintenance), its structural or non-structural fabric and layout. The purpose of adjustment being rehabilitation, changes in capacity, function or performance eventually extending a building’s life or increasing its value (in economic, social, environmental and aesthetical senses). In literature the term adaptation has been used to cover changes in use, physical layout and size. It also covers interventions to building components or materials and their reuse. Building adaptation might be roughly divided into building refurbishment and adaptive reuse, which can then be further divided into several other subcategories. [12, 13, 18]		Adaptation covers a wide range of perspectives and its definition is very context specific. In terms of construction projects adaptability is often used as a synonym for flexibility, though the latter might imply fewer or lighter structural changes [4] as well interchangeable elemental, modular or component parts. More recently adaptation can be found with reference to environmental performance both internally (adaptive comfort) and externally (climate adaptation). The term adaptation can be roughly described as any adjustment to an existing building (over and beyond standard maintenance), its structural or non-structural fabric and layout. The purpose of adjustment being rehabilitation, changes in capacity, function or performance eventually extending a building’s life or increasing its value (in economic, social, environmental and aesthetical senses). In literature the term adaptation has been used to cover changes in use, physical layout and size. It also covers interventions to building components or materials and their reuse. Building adaptation might be roughly divided into building refurbishment and adaptive reuse, which can then be further divided into several other subcategories. [12, 13, 18]
		+
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Building_adaptation Building adaptation].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/National_Adaptation_Programme National Adaptation Programme].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Resilient_adaptation Resilient adaptation].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/SUDS SuDs].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/CIRIA CIRIA].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Resilience Resilience].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Suds_manual SuDS manual].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Sustainability Sustainability].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/BREEAM_Functional_adaptability BREEAM Functional adaptability].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Future_proofing_construction Future proofing construction].
		+	* [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Design_flexibility Design flexibility].

	= Building refurbishment / refurb' =		= Building refurbishment / refurb' =
Line 23:		Line 35:
	Rehabilitation addresses the need to substantially improve failing features of a building so that it can provide a compatible use, this will mainly involving the repair, alterations, additions or restoration of portions that convey historical, cultural or architectural value. The term to some extent assumes that the existing building has fallen into such a state of repair that it needs work in order to prevent further damage, the goal of the works are to bring it into a compatible contemporary use (as opposed to being purely repaired or restored). As such the works such as strengthening or replacement of a structure do so in a way that ‘returns its performance to levels approaching or exceeding those of a newly constructed facility’ [11]. In some cases, the terms cover an update of building systems to the latest building regulations. [10, 18] The term is perhaps more commonly used in the US construction industry, but is also used and understood in the UK. Should not be confused with buildings that are rehabilitation facilities, which describes the social function of a building to rehabilitate users after an illness or injury through various type of therapy or treatment. See also regeneration which applies to the urban context.		Rehabilitation addresses the need to substantially improve failing features of a building so that it can provide a compatible use, this will mainly involving the repair, alterations, additions or restoration of portions that convey historical, cultural or architectural value. The term to some extent assumes that the existing building has fallen into such a state of repair that it needs work in order to prevent further damage, the goal of the works are to bring it into a compatible contemporary use (as opposed to being purely repaired or restored). As such the works such as strengthening or replacement of a structure do so in a way that ‘returns its performance to levels approaching or exceeding those of a newly constructed facility’ [11]. In some cases, the terms cover an update of building systems to the latest building regulations. [10, 18] The term is perhaps more commonly used in the US construction industry, but is also used and understood in the UK. Should not be confused with buildings that are rehabilitation facilities, which describes the social function of a building to rehabilitate users after an illness or injury through various type of therapy or treatment. See also regeneration which applies to the urban context.

−	= Building conversion / ~~Adaptive~~ reuse / ~~Repurposing~~ =	+	= Building conversion / adaptive reuse / repurposing =

	Conversion includes the reuse of an existing building for a use different from the one for which it was originally designed with the aim of ‘extending the useful life of old, historic, obsolete, and derelict buildings’ [20]. Adaptive reuse, repurposing and conversion are often used interchangeably. The term conversion is a more formal term that refers explicitly to changes that involve a functional and a physical component. [10, 13, 18] Conversions from industrial to residential or commercial, residential to commercial and commercial to any other type are among the most commonly reported types of conversion found in the literature. Conversion bears high risks regarding return on investment and is therefore often disregarded as a potential alternative to demolition by owners and investors. Adaptive reuse aswell as repurposing can also refer to the reuse of building materials and components, as it does in Shahi et al. (2020), but this is not the standard use for the term.		Conversion includes the reuse of an existing building for a use different from the one for which it was originally designed with the aim of ‘extending the useful life of old, historic, obsolete, and derelict buildings’ [20]. Adaptive reuse, repurposing and conversion are often used interchangeably. The term conversion is a more formal term that refers explicitly to changes that involve a functional and a physical component. [10, 13, 18] Conversions from industrial to residential or commercial, residential to commercial and commercial to any other type are among the most commonly reported types of conversion found in the literature. Conversion bears high risks regarding return on investment and is therefore often disregarded as a potential alternative to demolition by owners and investors. Adaptive reuse aswell as repurposing can also refer to the reuse of building materials and components, as it does in Shahi et al. (2020), but this is not the standard use for the term.