Building foundations - Revision history

Designing Buildings at 09:28, 9 December 2022

2022-12-09T09:28:31Z

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		+	\|-
		+	\| Sambro Island storage building.
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	= What are building foundations for? =		= What are building foundations for? =

Designing Buildings at 09:27, 9 December 2022

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	= What are building foundations for? =		= What are building foundations for? =

Designing Buildings at 09:25, 9 December 2022

2022-12-09T09:25:05Z

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−	= ~~Introduction~~ =	+	= What are building foundations for? =

	Foundations provide support for structures, transferring their load to layers of soil or rock that have sufficient bearing capacity and suitable settlement characteristics to support them.		Foundations provide support for structures, transferring their load to layers of soil or rock that have sufficient bearing capacity and suitable settlement characteristics to support them.
		+
		+	= What affects the design of foundations? =

	There are a very wide range of foundation types suitable for different applications, depending on considerations such as:		There are a very wide range of foundation types suitable for different applications, depending on considerations such as:
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	* Space availability.		* Space availability.
	* Accessibility.		* Accessibility.
−	* Sensitivity to noise and ~~[[Vibrations_in_buildings\|~~vibration]].	+	* Sensitivity to noise and vibration.
		+
		+	= What are the different categories of foundations? =

	Very broadly, foundations can be categorised as shallow foundations or deep foundations.		Very broadly, foundations can be categorised as shallow foundations or deep foundations.
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	* Deep foundations are necessary where the bearing capacity of the surface soils is not adequate to support the loads imposed by a structure and so those loads need to be transferred to deeper layers with higher bearing capacity.		* Deep foundations are necessary where the bearing capacity of the surface soils is not adequate to support the loads imposed by a structure and so those loads need to be transferred to deeper layers with higher bearing capacity.

−	= ~~Types~~ of shallow foundations =	+	= What are the types of shallow foundations? =

	{\|		{\|
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	\|}		\|}

−	=== Strip foundations (or footings) ===	+	== Strip foundations (or footings) ==

	Strip foundations provide a continuous strip of support to a linear structure such as a wall. For more information, see Strip foundation.		Strip foundations provide a continuous strip of support to a linear structure such as a wall. For more information, see Strip foundation.
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	Trench fill foundations are a variation of strip foundations, in which the trench excavation is almost completely filled with concrete. For more information see: Trench fill foundation.		Trench fill foundations are a variation of strip foundations, in which the trench excavation is almost completely filled with concrete. For more information see: Trench fill foundation.

−	Rubble trench foundations are a further variation of trench fill foundations, and are a traditional construction method which uses loose stone or rubble to minimise the use of concrete and improve drainage~~. For more information, see Rubble trench foundations~~.	+	Rubble trench foundations are a further variation of trench fill foundations, and are a traditional construction method which uses loose stone or rubble to minimise the use of concrete and improve drainage.

−	~~=== Pad~~ foundations ~~===~~	+	For more information see: Rubble trench foundations.

−	Pad foundations ~~are rectangular or circular pads used to support localised loads such as columns. For more information, see Pad foundations.~~	+	== Pad foundations ==

−	~~=== Raft~~ foundations ~~===~~	+	Pad foundations are rectangular or circular pads used to support localised loads such as columns.

−	Raft foundations are slabs that cover a wide area, often the entire footprint of a building, and are suitable where ground conditions are poor, settlement is likely, or where it may be impractical to create individual strip or pad foundations for a large number of individual loads. Raft foundations may incorporate beams or thickened areas to provide additional support for specific loads. For more information, see ~~Raft~~ foundations.	+	For more information see: Pad foundations.

−	= ~~Types~~ of deep foundations =	+	== Raft foundations ==
		+
		+	Raft foundations are slabs that cover a wide area, often the entire footprint of a building, and are suitable where ground conditions are poor, settlement is likely, or where it may be impractical to create individual strip or pad foundations for a large number of individual loads. Raft foundations may incorporate beams or thickened areas to provide additional support for specific loads.
		+
		+	For more information see: Raft foundations.
		+
		+	= What are the types of deep foundations? =

	{\|		{\|
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−	==~~= Piles =~~==	+	== What are piles? ==

	Pile foundations are long, slender, columns typically made from steel or reinforced concrete, or sometimes timber.		Pile foundations are long, slender, columns typically made from steel or reinforced concrete, or sometimes timber.

−	Generally piles are classified as; ~~[[End-bearing_piles\|~~end-bearing piles]] (where most of the friction is developed at the toe of the pile, bearing on a hard layer), or ~~[[Friction_piles\|~~friction piles]] (where most of the pile-bearing capacity is developed by shear stresses along the sides of the pile, suitable when harder layers are too deep).	+	Generally piles are classified as; end-bearing piles (where most of the friction is developed at the toe of the pile, bearing on a hard layer), or friction piles (where most of the pile-bearing capacity is developed by shear stresses along the sides of the pile, suitable when harder layers are too deep). Piles are most commonly; driven piles prefabricated off site and then driven into the ground, or bored piles that are poured in situ. If the boring and pouring takes place simultaneously, the piles are called continuous flight augured (CFA) piles.

−	Piles are most commonly; driven piles prefabricated off site and then driven into the ground, or bored piles that are poured in situ. If the boring and pouring takes place simultaneously, the piles are called continuous flight augured (CFA) piles.	+	For more information see: Pile foundations.

−	~~For more information, see Pile~~ foundations.	+	A range of commonly used pile foundations are described below.

	=== Mini piles (or micro piles/micropiles) ===		=== Mini piles (or micro piles/micropiles) ===

−	Mini piles are used where access is restricted, for example underpinning structures affected by settlement. They can be driven or screw piles. For more information, see Micropiles.	+	Mini piles are used where access is restricted, for example underpinning structures affected by settlement. They can be driven or screw piles.
		+
		+	For more information see: Micropiles.

	=== Pile walls ===		=== Pile walls ===

	By placing piles directly adjacent to one another, a permanent or temporary retaining wall can be created. These can be closely-spaced contiguous pile walls, or interlocking secant walls, which depending on the composition of the secondary intermediate piles can be hard/soft, hard/firm or hard/hard secant walls.		By placing piles directly adjacent to one another, a permanent or temporary retaining wall can be created. These can be closely-spaced contiguous pile walls, or interlocking secant walls, which depending on the composition of the secondary intermediate piles can be hard/soft, hard/firm or hard/hard secant walls.
		+
		+	For more information see: Pile walls

	=== Diaphragm walls ===		=== Diaphragm walls ===

−	Diaphragm walls are made by excavating a deep trench that is prevented from collapsing by being filled with engineering slurry such as bentonite and then the trench is filled with reinforced concrete panels, the joints between which can be water-tight.	+	Diaphragm walls are made by excavating a deep trench that is prevented from collapsing by being filled with engineering slurry such as bentonite and then the trench is filled with reinforced concrete panels, the joints between which can be water-tight. This is commonly used for top-down construction, where a basement is constructed at the same time as above ground works are carried out.
−		+
−	This is commonly used for top-down construction, where a basement is constructed at the same time as above ground works are carried out.	+

	For more information, see Diaphragm wall.		For more information, see Diaphragm wall.
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	=== Caissons ===		=== Caissons ===

−	Caissons are watertight retaining structures sunk into the ground by removing material from the bottom, typically this might be suitable for building structures below water level. For more information, see Caisson.	+	Caissons are watertight retaining structures sunk into the ground by removing material from the bottom, typically this might be suitable for building structures below water level.
		+
		+	For more information, see Caisson.

	=== Compensated foundations ===		=== Compensated foundations ===
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	For more information, see Ground anchor.		For more information, see Ground anchor.

−	= Related articles on Designing Buildings ~~Wiki~~ =	+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings =

−	* Backfilling.
	* Bearing capacity.		* Bearing capacity.
	* Compensated foundation.		* Compensated foundation.
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	* Geothermal pile foundations.		* Geothermal pile foundations.
	* Ground anchor.		* Ground anchor.
−	* Groundworks.
	* [[How_deep_should_foundations_be%3F\|How deep should foundations be?]]		* [[How_deep_should_foundations_be%3F\|How deep should foundations be?]]
	* How to design a pad foundation.		* How to design a pad foundation.
	* Micropiles.		* Micropiles.
	* Pad foundation.		* Pad foundation.
−	* Piers.
	* Pile foundations.		* Pile foundations.
	* Principles of foundations.		* Principles of foundations.
	* Raft foundation.		* Raft foundation.
−	* Retaining walls.
	* Rubble trench foundation.		* Rubble trench foundation.
	* Screw pile foundations.		* Screw pile foundations.

86.172.71.235 at 22:28, 14 July 2021

2021-07-14T22:28:26Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:28, 14 July 2021
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	Generally piles are classified as; [[End-bearing_piles\|end-bearing piles]] (where most of the friction is developed at the toe of the pile, bearing on a hard layer), or [[Friction_piles\|friction piles]] (where most of the pile-bearing capacity is developed by shear stresses along the sides of the pile, suitable when harder layers are too deep).		Generally piles are classified as; [[End-bearing_piles\|end-bearing piles]] (where most of the friction is developed at the toe of the pile, bearing on a hard layer), or [[Friction_piles\|friction piles]] (where most of the pile-bearing capacity is developed by shear stresses along the sides of the pile, suitable when harder layers are too deep).

−	Piles are most commonly; driven piles prefabricated off site and then driven into the ground, or bored piles that are poured in situ. If the boring and pouring takes place simultaneously, the piles are called continuous ~~fight~~ augured (CFA) piles.	+	Piles are most commonly; driven piles prefabricated off site and then driven into the ground, or bored piles that are poured in situ. If the boring and pouring takes place simultaneously, the piles are called continuous flight augured (CFA) piles.

	For more information, see Pile foundations.		For more information, see Pile foundations.

Designing Buildings: Reverted edits by 82.25.121.6 (talk) to last revision by Designing Buildings

2021-01-07T06:58:18Z

Reverted edits by 82.25.121.6 (talk) to last revision by Designing Buildings

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	* Underwater foundations.		* Underwater foundations.

−	~~[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]~~ [[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:Definitions~~]] [[Category:Education]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation~~]] [[Category:Regulations]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Design]]	+	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:Regulations]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Design]]

82.25.121.6 at 22:04, 6 January 2021

2021-01-06T22:04:22Z

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	* Underwater foundations.		* Underwater foundations.

−	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:Regulations]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Design]]	+	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:Education]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Regulations]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Design]]

Designing Buildings at 07:40, 28 August 2020

2020-08-28T07:40:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:40, 28 August 2020
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	* Underwater foundations.		* Underwater foundations.

−	[[Category:~~Definitions~~]] [[Category:~~DCN_Definition~~]] [[Category:~~Regulations~~]] [[Category:~~DCN_Regulation~~]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Design]]	+	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:Regulations]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Design]]

Designing Buildings at 11:07, 27 February 2020

2020-02-27T11:07:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:07, 27 February 2020
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	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =		= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =

		+	* Backfilling.
	* Bearing capacity.		* Bearing capacity.
	* Compensated foundation.		* Compensated foundation.
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	* Underwater foundations.		* Underwater foundations.

−	~~[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:Conservation]]~~ [[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:Education]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:International]] [[Category:Organisations]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]] [[Category:Publications_/_reports]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Theory]] [[Category:Water]] [[Category:BIM]] [[Category:BREEAM]] [[Category:Case_law]] [[Category:Health_and_safety_/_CDM]] [[Category:Other_legislation]] [[Category:Planning_permission]] [[Category:Policy]] [[Category:Property_law]] [[Category:Regulations]] [[Category:~~Standards_/_measurements]] [[Category:Sustainability]] [[Category:Taxation]] [[Category:Appointments]] [[Category:Client_procedures]] [[Category:Construction_management~~]] [[Category:Construction_techniques~~]] [[Category:Contracts_/_payment]] [[Category:Cost_/_business_planning~~]] [[Category:Design~~]] [[Category:Procurement]] [[Category:Products_/_components]] [[Category:Property_development]] [[Category:Public_procedures]] [[Category:Roles_/_services~~]]	+	[[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:Regulations]] [[Category:DCN_Regulation]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Design]]

212.219.92.51 at 09:49, 3 February 2020

2020-02-03T09:49:16Z

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	\| [[File:Raft_foundation.jpg\|link=File:Raft_foundation.jpg]]		\| [[File:Raft_foundation.jpg\|link=File:Raft_foundation.jpg]]
	\|-		\|-
−	\| Trench fill foundation	+	\| Trench fill foundation.
−	\| Rubble trench foundation	+	\| Rubble trench foundation.
−	\| Raft foundation	+	\| Raft foundation.
	\|}		\|}

195.195.201.25 at 09:30, 13 January 2020

2020-01-13T09:30:40Z

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	* Underwater foundations.		* Underwater foundations.

−	[[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]	+	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:Conservation]] [[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:Education]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:International]] [[Category:Organisations]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]] [[Category:Publications_/_reports]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Theory]] [[Category:Water]] [[Category:BIM]] [[Category:BREEAM]] [[Category:Case_law]] [[Category:Health_and_safety_/_CDM]] [[Category:Other_legislation]] [[Category:Planning_permission]] [[Category:Policy]] [[Category:Property_law]] [[Category:Regulations]] [[Category:Standards_/_measurements]] [[Category:Sustainability]] [[Category:Taxation]] [[Category:Appointments]] [[Category:Client_procedures]] [[Category:Construction_management]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Contracts_/_payment]] [[Category:Cost_/_business_planning]] [[Category:Design]] [[Category:Procurement]] [[Category:Products_/_components]] [[Category:Property_development]] [[Category:Public_procedures]] [[Category:Roles_/_services]]