Brutalism - Revision history

Editor: Reverted edits by Kavita (talk) to last revision by Editor

2025-02-10T12:33:32Z

Reverted edits by Kavita (talk) to last revision by Editor

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:33, 10 February 2025
Line 1:		Line 1:
		+	{\|
		+	\| [[File:Welbeck_Street_Car_Park2.jpg\|link=File:Welbeck_Street_Car_Park2.jpg]]
		+	\|}

		+	= What is brutalism? =

−	[[Category:DCN_Definition]]	+	Brutalism, also known as Brutalist architecture, is a style that emerged in the 1950s and grew out of the early-20th century modernist movement. Brutalist buildings are characterised by their massive, monolithic and ‘blocky’ appearance with a rigid geometric style and large-scale use of poured concrete. The movement began to decline in the 1970s, having been much criticised for being unwelcoming and inhuman.
−	[[Category:DCN_Example]]	+
−	[[Category:DCN_Guidance]]	+	= What are the characteristics of brutalism? =
−	[[Category:DCN_Project_Knowledge]]	+
−	[[Category:History]]	+	Brutalism is generally associated with rough, unfinished surfaces, unusual shapes, heavy-looking materials, straight lines, and small windows. Modular elements are often used to form masses representing specific functional zones, grouped into a unified whole. As well as concrete, other materials commonly used in brutalist buildings included brick, glass, steel, and rough-hewn stone.
−	[[Category:Design]]	+
		+	= What is the history of brutalism =
		+
		+	The term ‘Brutalism’ was first coined by the British architects Alison and Peter Smithson, and was then popularised by the architectural historian Reyner Banham in 1954. It is derived from ‘Béton brut’ (meaning raw concrete) and was first associated in architecture with Le Corbusier, who designed the Cite Radieuse in Marseilles in the late-1940s.
		+
		+	Brutalism became a popular style throughout the 1960s as the austerity of the 1950s gave way to dynamism and self-confidence. It was commonly used for government projects, universities, car parks, leisure centres, shopping centres, and high-rise blocks of flats.
		+
		+	Brutalism became synonymous with the socially progressive housing solutions that architects and town planners promoted as modern ‘streets in the sky’. With an ethos of ‘social utopianism’. Together with the influence of constructivist architecture, it became increasingly widespread across European communist countries such as the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia.
		+
		+	As high-rise buildings became associated with crime, social deprivation and urban decay, so Brutalism was increasingly reviled, and across the UK, many Brutalist buildings were demolished. Typical of this adverse reaction was the demolition in 2019 of the multi-storey car park in Welbeck Street, London W1. However, Brutalism has continued to influence later forms, associated with high-tech architecture and de constructivism. In recent years, it has been critically reappraised, with certain buildings being seen as architectural landmarks.
		+
		+	In 2006, three architects from Boston, Massachusetts initiated a rebranding campaign to relabel Brutalism as Heroic architecture. The effort attempts to remove the negativity of the original term while preserving its reference to its scale and substance.
		+
		+	= Examples of brutalist architecture =
		+
		+	7 examples of brutalist architecture are shown below.
		+
		+	[[Cite_Radieuse\|Cite Radieuse, France]]
		+
		+	[[File:Brutalism1.jpg\|link=File:Brutalism1.jpg]]
		+
		+	Park Hill, Sheffield
		+
		+	[[File:Brutalism2.png\|link=File:Brutalism2.png]]
		+
		+	Queen Elizabeth Hall, London
		+
		+	[[File:Brutalism3.jpg\|link=File:Brutalism3.jpg]]
		+
		+	Preston Bus Station, Preston
		+
		+	[[File:Brutalism4.jpg\|link=File:Brutalism4.jpg]]
		+
		+	Barbican Estate, London
		+
		+	[[File:Brutalism5.png\|link=File:Brutalism5.png]]
		+
		+	Trellick Tower, London.
		+
		+	[[File:Brutalism6.png\|link=File:Brutalism6.png]]
		+
		+	Welbeck Street car park (demolished 2019)
		+
		+	[[File:Welbeck-street-car-park-demolition-eric-parry-architects-hotel-dezeen-2364-hero-1024x576_290.jpg\|link=File:Welbeck-street-car-park-demolition-eric-parry-architects-hotel-dezeen-2364-hero-1024x576_290.jpg]]
		+
		+	= International styles of brutalism =
		+
		+	3 examples of international styles of brutalism are:
		+
		+	* Chinese brutalism.
		+	* Italian brutalism.
		+	* Spanish brutalism.
		+
		+	Some other great resources to find out more about Brutalism are:
		+
		+	* [http://brutalism.online/ http://brutalism.online/]
		+	* [https://www.sosbrutalism.org/cms/15802395 https://www.sosbrutalism.org/cms/15802395]
		+	* [https://c20society.org.uk/ https://c20society.org.uk/]
		+
		+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings =
		+
		+	* Architectural styles.
		+	* Bauhaus.
		+	* Boom Cities: architect-planners and the politics of urban renewal in 1960s Britain.
		+	* British post-war mass housing.
		+	* Brutalist London Map - review.
		+	* Chinese brutalism.
		+	* Cite Radieuse.
		+	* Concrete.
		+	* Constructivist architecture.
		+	* Deconstructivism.
		+	* Erno Goldfinger.
		+	* Heroic architecture.
		+	* High-tech architecture.
		+	* Howell Killick Partridge and Amis.
		+	* Italian brutalism.
		+	* Megastructure.
		+	* Owen Hatherley - Landscapes of Communism.
		+	* Sink estate regeneration plans.
		+	* SOS Brutalism: a global survey.
		+	* Space, Hope and Brutalism.
		+	* Spanish brutalism.
		+	* Spomeniks.
		+	* Trellick Tower.
		+	* Whittington Estate.
		+
		+	= External resources =
		+
		+	* Dezeen - Guide to Brutalist architecture.
		+
		+	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Example]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Project_Knowledge]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Design]]

Kavita: Replaced content with " Category:DCN_Definition Category:DCN_Example Category:DCN_Guidance Category:DCN_Project_Knowledge Category:History Category:Design"

2025-02-10T11:45:03Z

Replaced content with " Category:DCN_Definition Category:DCN_Example Category:DCN_Guidance Category:DCN_Project_Knowledge Category:History Category:Design"

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:45, 10 February 2025
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	{\|
−	~~\| [[File:Welbeck_Street_Car_Park2.jpg\|link=File:Welbeck_Street_Car_Park2.jpg]]~~
−	\|}

−	~~= What is brutalism? =~~

−	Brutalism, also known as Brutalist architecture, is a style that emerged in the 1950s and grew out of the early-20th century modernist movement. Brutalist buildings are characterised by their massive, monolithic and ‘blocky’ appearance with a rigid geometric style and large-scale use of poured concrete. The movement began to decline in the 1970s, having been much criticised for being unwelcoming and inhuman.	+	[[Category:DCN_Definition]]
−		+	[[Category:DCN_Example]]
−	~~= What are the characteristics of brutalism? =~~	+	[[Category:DCN_Guidance]]
−		+	[[Category:DCN_Project_Knowledge]]
−	Brutalism is generally associated with rough, unfinished surfaces, unusual shapes, heavy-looking materials, straight lines, and small windows. Modular elements are often used to form masses representing specific functional zones, grouped into a unified whole. As well as concrete, other materials commonly used in brutalist buildings included brick, glass, steel, and rough-hewn stone.	+	[[Category:History]]
−		+	[[Category:Design]]
−	~~= What is the history of brutalism =~~	+
−		+
−	The term ‘Brutalism’ was first coined by the British architects Alison and Peter Smithson, and was then popularised by the architectural historian Reyner Banham in 1954. It is derived from ‘Béton brut’ (meaning raw concrete) and was first associated in architecture with Le Corbusier, who designed the Cite Radieuse in Marseilles in the late-1940s.	+
−		+
−	Brutalism became a popular style throughout the 1960s as the austerity of the 1950s gave way to dynamism and self-confidence. It was commonly used for government projects, universities, car parks, leisure centres, shopping centres, and high-rise blocks of flats.	+
−		+
−	Brutalism became synonymous with the socially progressive housing solutions that architects and town planners promoted as modern ‘streets in the sky’. With an ethos of ‘social utopianism’. Together with the influence of constructivist architecture, it became increasingly widespread across European communist countries such as the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia.	+
−		+
−	As high-rise buildings became associated with crime, social deprivation and urban decay, so Brutalism was increasingly reviled, and across the UK, many Brutalist buildings were demolished. Typical of this adverse reaction was the demolition in 2019 of the multi-storey car park in Welbeck Street, London W1. However, Brutalism has continued to influence later forms, associated with high-tech architecture and de constructivism. In recent years, it has been critically reappraised, with certain buildings being seen as architectural landmarks.	+
−		+
−	In 2006, three architects from Boston, Massachusetts initiated a rebranding campaign to relabel Brutalism as Heroic architecture. The effort attempts to remove the negativity of the original term while preserving its reference to its scale and substance.	+
−		+
−	~~= Examples of brutalist architecture =~~	+
−		+
−	~~7 examples of brutalist architecture are shown below.~~	+
−		+
−	~~[[Cite_Radieuse\|Cite Radieuse, France]]~~	+
−		+
−	~~[[File:Brutalism1.jpg\|link=File:Brutalism1.jpg]]~~	+
−		+
−	~~Park Hill, Sheffield~~	+
−		+
−	~~[[File:Brutalism2.png\|link=File:Brutalism2.png]]~~	+
−		+
−	~~Queen Elizabeth Hall, London~~	+
−		+
−	~~[[File:Brutalism3.jpg\|link=File:Brutalism3.jpg]]~~	+
−		+
−	~~Preston Bus Station, Preston~~	+
−		+
−	~~[[File:Brutalism4.jpg\|link=File:Brutalism4.jpg]]~~	+
−		+
−	~~Barbican Estate, London~~	+
−		+
−	~~[[File:Brutalism5.png\|link=File:Brutalism5.png]]~~	+
−		+
−	~~Trellick Tower, London.~~	+
−		+
−	~~[[File:Brutalism6.png\|link=File:Brutalism6.png]]~~	+
−		+
−	~~Welbeck Street car park (demolished 2019)~~	+
−		+
−	[[File:Welbeck-street-car-park-demolition-eric-parry-architects-hotel-dezeen-2364-hero-1024x576_290.jpg\|link=File:Welbeck-street-car-park-demolition-eric-parry-architects-hotel-dezeen-2364-hero-1024x576_290.jpg]]	+
−		+
−	~~= International styles of brutalism =~~	+
−		+
−	~~3 examples of international styles of brutalism are:~~	+
−		+
−	* Chinese brutalism.	+
−	* Italian brutalism.	+
−	* Spanish brutalism.	+
−		+
−	~~Some other great resources to find out more about Brutalism are:~~	+
−		+
−	* [http://brutalism.online/ http://brutalism.online/]	+
−	* [https://www.sosbrutalism.org/cms/15802395 https://www.sosbrutalism.org/cms/15802395]	+
−	* [https://c20society.org.uk/ https://c20society.org.uk/]	+
−		+
−	~~= Related articles on Designing Buildings =~~	+
−		+
−	* Architectural styles.	+
−	* Bauhaus.	+
−	* Boom Cities: architect-planners and the politics of urban renewal in 1960s Britain.	+
−	* British post-war mass housing.	+
−	* Brutalist London Map - review.	+
−	* Chinese brutalism.	+
−	* Cite Radieuse.	+
−	* Concrete.	+
−	* Constructivist architecture.	+
−	* Deconstructivism.	+
−	* Erno Goldfinger.	+
−	* Heroic architecture.	+
−	* High-tech architecture.	+
−	* Howell Killick Partridge and Amis.	+
−	* Italian brutalism.	+
−	* Megastructure.	+
−	* Owen Hatherley - Landscapes of Communism.	+
−	* Sink estate regeneration plans.	+
−	* SOS Brutalism: a global survey.	+
−	* Space, Hope and Brutalism.	+
−	* Spanish brutalism.	+
−	* Spomeniks.	+
−	* Trellick Tower.	+
−	* Whittington Estate.	+
−		+
−	~~= External resources =~~	+
−		+
−	* Dezeen - Guide to Brutalist architecture.	+
−		+
−	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Example]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Project_Knowledge]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Design]]	+

Editor at 17:29, 3 February 2025

2025-02-03T17:29:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:29, 3 February 2025
Line 63:		Line 63:
	* Spanish brutalism.		* Spanish brutalism.

−	Some other great resources to find out more about ~~for~~ Brutalism are:	+	Some other great resources to find out more about Brutalism are:

	* [http://brutalism.online/ http://brutalism.online/]		* [http://brutalism.online/ http://brutalism.online/]

Editor at 17:29, 3 February 2025

2025-02-03T17:29:18Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:29, 3 February 2025
Line 63:		Line 63:
	* Spanish brutalism.		* Spanish brutalism.

−	~~Another~~ great ~~resource~~ for Brutalism is [http://brutalism.online/ http://brutalism.online/]	+	Some other great resources to find out more about for Brutalism are:
		+
		+	* [http://brutalism.online/ http://brutalism.online/]
		+	* [https://www.sosbrutalism.org/cms/15802395 https://www.sosbrutalism.org/cms/15802395]
		+	* [https://c20society.org.uk/ https://c20society.org.uk/]

	= Related articles on Designing Buildings =		= Related articles on Designing Buildings =

Editor at 17:27, 3 February 2025

2025-02-03T17:27:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:27, 3 February 2025
Line 63:		Line 63:
	* Spanish brutalism.		* Spanish brutalism.

−	~~Click on the links to find out more.~~ Another great resource for ~~Brutalim~~ is [http://brutalism.online/ http://brutalism.online/]	+	Another great resource for Brutalism is [http://brutalism.online/ http://brutalism.online/]

	= Related articles on Designing Buildings =		= Related articles on Designing Buildings =

Editor at 17:26, 3 February 2025

2025-02-03T17:26:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:26, 3 February 2025
Line 13:		Line 13:
	= What is the history of brutalism =		= What is the history of brutalism =

−	The term ‘Brutalism’ was first coined by the British architects Alison and Peter Smithson, and was then popularised by the architectural historian Reyner Banham in 1954. It is ~~deriveed~~ from ‘Béton brut’ (meaning raw concrete) and was first associated in architecture with Le Corbusier, who designed the Cite Radieuse in Marseilles in the late-1940s.	+	The term ‘Brutalism’ was first coined by the British architects Alison and Peter Smithson, and was then popularised by the architectural historian Reyner Banham in 1954. It is derived from ‘Béton brut’ (meaning raw concrete) and was first associated in architecture with Le Corbusier, who designed the Cite Radieuse in Marseilles in the late-1940s.

	Brutalism became a popular style throughout the 1960s as the austerity of the 1950s gave way to dynamism and self-confidence. It was commonly used for government projects, universities, car parks, leisure centres, shopping centres, and high-rise blocks of flats.		Brutalism became a popular style throughout the 1960s as the austerity of the 1950s gave way to dynamism and self-confidence. It was commonly used for government projects, universities, car parks, leisure centres, shopping centres, and high-rise blocks of flats.
Line 19:		Line 19:
	Brutalism became synonymous with the socially progressive housing solutions that architects and town planners promoted as modern ‘streets in the sky’. With an ethos of ‘social utopianism’. Together with the influence of constructivist architecture, it became increasingly widespread across European communist countries such as the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia.		Brutalism became synonymous with the socially progressive housing solutions that architects and town planners promoted as modern ‘streets in the sky’. With an ethos of ‘social utopianism’. Together with the influence of constructivist architecture, it became increasingly widespread across European communist countries such as the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia.

−	As high-rise buildings became associated with crime, social deprivation and urban decay, so Brutalism was increasingly reviled, and across the UK, many Brutalist buildings were demolished. Typical of this adverse reaction was the demolition in 2019 of the multi-storey car park in Welbeck Street, London W1. However, Brutalism has continued to influence later forms, associated with high-tech architecture and ~~deconstructivism~~. In recent years, it has been critically reappraised, with certain buildings being seen as architectural landmarks.	+	As high-rise buildings became associated with crime, social deprivation and urban decay, so Brutalism was increasingly reviled, and across the UK, many Brutalist buildings were demolished. Typical of this adverse reaction was the demolition in 2019 of the multi-storey car park in Welbeck Street, London W1. However, Brutalism has continued to influence later forms, associated with high-tech architecture and de constructivism. In recent years, it has been critically reappraised, with certain buildings being seen as architectural landmarks.

	In 2006, three architects from Boston, Massachusetts initiated a rebranding campaign to relabel Brutalism as Heroic architecture. The effort attempts to remove the negativity of the original term while preserving its reference to its scale and substance.		In 2006, three architects from Boston, Massachusetts initiated a rebranding campaign to relabel Brutalism as Heroic architecture. The effort attempts to remove the negativity of the original term while preserving its reference to its scale and substance.
Line 63:		Line 63:
	* Spanish brutalism.		* Spanish brutalism.

−	Click on the links to find out more.	+	Click on the links to find out more. Another great resource for Brutalim is [http://brutalism.online/ http://brutalism.online/]

	= Related articles on Designing Buildings =		= Related articles on Designing Buildings =

Designing Buildings at 10:31, 26 October 2022

2022-10-26T10:31:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:31, 26 October 2022
Line 2:		Line 2:
	\| [[File:Welbeck_Street_Car_Park2.jpg\|link=File:Welbeck_Street_Car_Park2.jpg]]		\| [[File:Welbeck_Street_Car_Park2.jpg\|link=File:Welbeck_Street_Car_Park2.jpg]]
	\|}		\|}
		+
		+	= What is brutalism? =

	Brutalism, also known as Brutalist architecture, is a style that emerged in the 1950s and grew out of the early-20th century modernist movement. Brutalist buildings are characterised by their massive, monolithic and ‘blocky’ appearance with a rigid geometric style and large-scale use of poured concrete. The movement began to decline in the 1970s, having been much criticised for being unwelcoming and inhuman.		Brutalism, also known as Brutalist architecture, is a style that emerged in the 1950s and grew out of the early-20th century modernist movement. Brutalist buildings are characterised by their massive, monolithic and ‘blocky’ appearance with a rigid geometric style and large-scale use of poured concrete. The movement began to decline in the 1970s, having been much criticised for being unwelcoming and inhuman.

−	~~The term ‘Brutalism’ was coined by~~ the British architects Alison and Peter Smithson, and popularised by the architectural historian Reyner Banham in 1954. It derives from ‘Béton brut’ (raw concrete) and was first associated in architecture with Le Corbusier, who designed the Cite Radieuse in Marseilles in the late-1940s.	+	= What are the characteristics of brutalism? =

−	Brutalism ~~became a popular style throughout the 1960s as the austerity of the 1950s gave way to dynamism and self~~-~~confidence~~. ~~It was commonly~~ used ~~for government projects~~, ~~universities~~, ~~car parks~~, ~~leisure and shopping centres~~, and ~~high~~-~~rise blocks of flats~~.	+	Brutalism is generally associated with rough, unfinished surfaces, unusual shapes, heavy-looking materials, straight lines, and small windows. Modular elements are often used to form masses representing specific functional zones, grouped into a unified whole. As well as concrete, other materials commonly used in brutalist buildings included brick, glass, steel, and rough-hewn stone.

−	~~Brutalism became synonymous with~~ the ~~socially progressive housing solutions that architects and town planners promoted as modern ‘streets in the sky’. With an ethos~~ of ‘social utopianism’, together with the influence of constructivist architecture, it became increasingly widespread across European communist countries such as the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia.	+	= What is the history of brutalism =

−	~~Brutalism~~ was ~~generally characterised~~ by ~~its rough~~, ~~unfinished surfaces~~, ~~unusual shapes, heavy~~-~~looking materials, straight lines,~~ and ~~small windows~~. ~~Modular elements were often~~ used ~~to form masses representing specific functional zones~~, ~~grouped into a unified whole~~. ~~As well~~ as ~~concrete, other materials commonly used~~ in ~~Brutalist buildings included brick~~, ~~glass~~, ~~steel~~, and ~~rough-hewn stone~~.	+	The term ‘Brutalism’ was first coined by the British architects Alison and Peter Smithson, and was then popularised by the architectural historian Reyner Banham in 1954. It is deriveed from ‘Béton brut’ (meaning raw concrete) and was first associated in architecture with Le Corbusier, who designed the Cite Radieuse in Marseilles in the late-1940s.
		+
		+	Brutalism became a popular style throughout the 1960s as the austerity of the 1950s gave way to dynamism and self-confidence. It was commonly used for government projects, universities, car parks, leisure centres, shopping centres, and high-rise blocks of flats.
		+
		+	Brutalism became synonymous with the socially progressive housing solutions that architects and town planners promoted as modern ‘streets in the sky’. With an ethos of ‘social utopianism’. Together with the influence of constructivist architecture, it became increasingly widespread across European communist countries such as the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia.

	As high-rise buildings became associated with crime, social deprivation and urban decay, so Brutalism was increasingly reviled, and across the UK, many Brutalist buildings were demolished. Typical of this adverse reaction was the demolition in 2019 of the multi-storey car park in Welbeck Street, London W1. However, Brutalism has continued to influence later forms, associated with high-tech architecture and deconstructivism. In recent years, it has been critically reappraised, with certain buildings being seen as architectural landmarks.		As high-rise buildings became associated with crime, social deprivation and urban decay, so Brutalism was increasingly reviled, and across the UK, many Brutalist buildings were demolished. Typical of this adverse reaction was the demolition in 2019 of the multi-storey car park in Welbeck Street, London W1. However, Brutalism has continued to influence later forms, associated with high-tech architecture and deconstructivism. In recent years, it has been critically reappraised, with certain buildings being seen as architectural landmarks.
Line 17:		Line 23:
	In 2006, three architects from Boston, Massachusetts initiated a rebranding campaign to relabel Brutalism as Heroic architecture. The effort attempts to remove the negativity of the original term while preserving its reference to its scale and substance.		In 2006, three architects from Boston, Massachusetts initiated a rebranding campaign to relabel Brutalism as Heroic architecture. The effort attempts to remove the negativity of the original term while preserving its reference to its scale and substance.

−	~~Some key~~ examples of ~~Brutalism include:~~	+	= Examples of brutalist architecture =
		+
		+	7 examples of brutalist architecture are shown below.

	[[Cite_Radieuse\|Cite Radieuse, France]]		[[Cite_Radieuse\|Cite Radieuse, France]]
Line 47:		Line 55:
	[[File:Welbeck-street-car-park-demolition-eric-parry-architects-hotel-dezeen-2364-hero-1024x576_290.jpg\|link=File:Welbeck-street-car-park-demolition-eric-parry-architects-hotel-dezeen-2364-hero-1024x576_290.jpg]]		[[File:Welbeck-street-car-park-demolition-eric-parry-architects-hotel-dezeen-2364-hero-1024x576_290.jpg\|link=File:Welbeck-street-car-park-demolition-eric-parry-architects-hotel-dezeen-2364-hero-1024x576_290.jpg]]

−	= Related articles on Designing Buildings ~~Wiki~~ =	+	= International styles of brutalism =
		+
		+	3 examples of international styles of brutalism are:
		+
		+	* Chinese brutalism.
		+	* Italian brutalism.
		+	* Spanish brutalism.
		+
		+	Click on the links to find out more.
		+
		+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings =

	* Architectural styles.		* Architectural styles.
Line 65:		Line 83:
	* Italian brutalism.		* Italian brutalism.
	* Megastructure.		* Megastructure.
−	* Metabolism.
	* Owen Hatherley - Landscapes of Communism.		* Owen Hatherley - Landscapes of Communism.
	* Sink estate regeneration plans.		* Sink estate regeneration plans.

Designing Buildings at 07:40, 24 April 2022

2022-04-24T07:40:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:40, 24 April 2022
Line 68:		Line 68:
	* Owen Hatherley - Landscapes of Communism.		* Owen Hatherley - Landscapes of Communism.
	* Sink estate regeneration plans.		* Sink estate regeneration plans.
		+	* SOS Brutalism: a global survey.
	* Space, Hope and Brutalism.		* Space, Hope and Brutalism.
	* Spanish brutalism.		* Spanish brutalism.

73.80.67.32: Undo revision 222227 by [[Special:Contributions/[IP address hidden]|[IP address hidden]]] ([[User talk:[IP address hidden]|talk]])

2022-01-07T00:18:08Z

Undo revision 222227 by [[Special:Contributions/[IP address hidden]|[IP address hidden]]] ([[User talk:[IP address hidden]|talk]])

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:18, 7 January 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	~~Hi Yeet~~	+	{\|
		+	\| [[File:Welbeck_Street_Car_Park2.jpg\|link=File:Welbeck_Street_Car_Park2.jpg]]
		+	\|}
		+
		+	Brutalism, also known as Brutalist architecture, is a style that emerged in the 1950s and grew out of the early-20th century modernist movement. Brutalist buildings are characterised by their massive, monolithic and ‘blocky’ appearance with a rigid geometric style and large-scale use of poured concrete. The movement began to decline in the 1970s, having been much criticised for being unwelcoming and inhuman.
		+
		+	The term ‘Brutalism’ was coined by the British architects Alison and Peter Smithson, and popularised by the architectural historian Reyner Banham in 1954. It derives from ‘Béton brut’ (raw concrete) and was first associated in architecture with Le Corbusier, who designed the Cite Radieuse in Marseilles in the late-1940s.
		+
		+	Brutalism became a popular style throughout the 1960s as the austerity of the 1950s gave way to dynamism and self-confidence. It was commonly used for government projects, universities, car parks, leisure and shopping centres, and high-rise blocks of flats.
		+
		+	Brutalism became synonymous with the socially progressive housing solutions that architects and town planners promoted as modern ‘streets in the sky’. With an ethos of ‘social utopianism’, together with the influence of constructivist architecture, it became increasingly widespread across European communist countries such as the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia.
		+
		+	Brutalism was generally characterised by its rough, unfinished surfaces, unusual shapes, heavy-looking materials, straight lines, and small windows. Modular elements were often used to form masses representing specific functional zones, grouped into a unified whole. As well as concrete, other materials commonly used in Brutalist buildings included brick, glass, steel, and rough-hewn stone.
		+
		+	As high-rise buildings became associated with crime, social deprivation and urban decay, so Brutalism was increasingly reviled, and across the UK, many Brutalist buildings were demolished. Typical of this adverse reaction was the demolition in 2019 of the multi-storey car park in Welbeck Street, London W1. However, Brutalism has continued to influence later forms, associated with high-tech architecture and deconstructivism. In recent years, it has been critically reappraised, with certain buildings being seen as architectural landmarks.
		+
		+	In 2006, three architects from Boston, Massachusetts initiated a rebranding campaign to relabel Brutalism as Heroic architecture. The effort attempts to remove the negativity of the original term while preserving its reference to its scale and substance.
		+
		+	Some key examples of Brutalism include:
		+
		+	[[Cite_Radieuse\|Cite Radieuse, France]]
		+
		+	[[File:Brutalism1.jpg\|link=File:Brutalism1.jpg]]
		+
		+	Park Hill, Sheffield
		+
		+	[[File:Brutalism2.png\|link=File:Brutalism2.png]]
		+
		+	Queen Elizabeth Hall, London
		+
		+	[[File:Brutalism3.jpg\|link=File:Brutalism3.jpg]]
		+
		+	Preston Bus Station, Preston
		+
		+	[[File:Brutalism4.jpg\|link=File:Brutalism4.jpg]]
		+
		+	Barbican Estate, London
		+
		+	[[File:Brutalism5.png\|link=File:Brutalism5.png]]
		+
		+	Trellick Tower, London.
		+
		+	[[File:Brutalism6.png\|link=File:Brutalism6.png]]
		+
		+	Welbeck Street car park (demolished 2019)
		+
		+	[[File:Welbeck-street-car-park-demolition-eric-parry-architects-hotel-dezeen-2364-hero-1024x576_290.jpg\|link=File:Welbeck-street-car-park-demolition-eric-parry-architects-hotel-dezeen-2364-hero-1024x576_290.jpg]]
		+
		+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =
		+
		+	* Architectural styles.
		+	* Bauhaus.
		+	* Boom Cities: architect-planners and the politics of urban renewal in 1960s Britain.
		+	* British post-war mass housing.
		+	* Brutalist London Map - review.
		+	* Chinese brutalism.
		+	* Cite Radieuse.
		+	* Concrete.
		+	* Constructivist architecture.
		+	* Deconstructivism.
		+	* Erno Goldfinger.
		+	* Heroic architecture.
		+	* High-tech architecture.
		+	* Howell Killick Partridge and Amis.
		+	* Italian brutalism.
		+	* Megastructure.
		+	* Metabolism.
		+	* Owen Hatherley - Landscapes of Communism.
		+	* Sink estate regeneration plans.
		+	* Space, Hope and Brutalism.
		+	* Spanish brutalism.
		+	* Spomeniks.
		+	* Trellick Tower.
		+	* Whittington Estate.
		+
		+	= External resources =
		+
		+	* Dezeen - Guide to Brutalist architecture.

	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Example]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Project_Knowledge]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Design]]		[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Example]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Project_Knowledge]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Design]]

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2022-01-07T00:16:50Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 00:16, 7 January 2022
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−	{\|	+	Hi Yeet
−	~~\| [[File:Welbeck_Street_Car_Park2.jpg\|link=File:Welbeck_Street_Car_Park2.jpg]]~~	+
−	\|}	+
−		+
−	Brutalism, also known as Brutalist architecture, is a style that emerged in the 1950s and grew out of the early-20th century modernist movement. Brutalist buildings are characterised by their massive, monolithic and ‘blocky’ appearance with a rigid geometric style and large-scale use of poured concrete. The movement began to decline in the 1970s, having been much criticised for being unwelcoming and inhuman.	+
−		+
−	The term ‘Brutalism’ was coined by the British architects Alison and Peter Smithson, and popularised by the architectural historian Reyner Banham in 1954. It derives from ‘Béton brut’ (raw concrete) and was first associated in architecture with Le Corbusier, who designed the Cite Radieuse in Marseilles in the late-1940s.	+
−		+
−	Brutalism became a popular style throughout the 1960s as the austerity of the 1950s gave way to dynamism and self-confidence. It was commonly used for government projects, universities, car parks, leisure and shopping centres, and high-rise blocks of flats.	+
−		+
−	Brutalism became synonymous with the socially progressive housing solutions that architects and town planners promoted as modern ‘streets in the sky’. With an ethos of ‘social utopianism’, together with the influence of constructivist architecture, it became increasingly widespread across European communist countries such as the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia.	+
−		+
−	Brutalism was generally characterised by its rough, unfinished surfaces, unusual shapes, heavy-looking materials, straight lines, and small windows. Modular elements were often used to form masses representing specific functional zones, grouped into a unified whole. As well as concrete, other materials commonly used in Brutalist buildings included brick, glass, steel, and rough-hewn stone.	+
−		+
−	As high-rise buildings became associated with crime, social deprivation and urban decay, so Brutalism was increasingly reviled, and across the UK, many Brutalist buildings were demolished. Typical of this adverse reaction was the demolition in 2019 of the multi-storey car park in Welbeck Street, London W1. However, Brutalism has continued to influence later forms, associated with high-tech architecture and deconstructivism. In recent years, it has been critically reappraised, with certain buildings being seen as architectural landmarks.	+
−		+
−	In 2006, three architects from Boston, Massachusetts initiated a rebranding campaign to relabel Brutalism as Heroic architecture. The effort attempts to remove the negativity of the original term while preserving its reference to its scale and substance.	+
−		+
−	~~Some key examples of Brutalism include:~~	+
−		+
−	~~[[Cite_Radieuse\|Cite Radieuse, France]]~~	+
−		+
−	~~[[File:Brutalism1.jpg\|link=File:Brutalism1.jpg]]~~	+
−		+
−	~~Park Hill, Sheffield~~	+
−		+
−	~~[[File:Brutalism2.png\|link=File:Brutalism2.png]]~~	+
−		+
−	~~Queen Elizabeth Hall, London~~	+
−		+
−	~~[[File:Brutalism3.jpg\|link=File:Brutalism3.jpg]]~~	+
−		+
−	~~Preston Bus Station, Preston~~	+
−		+
−	~~[[File:Brutalism4.jpg\|link=File:Brutalism4.jpg]]~~	+
−		+
−	~~Barbican Estate, London~~	+
−		+
−	~~[[File:Brutalism5.png\|link=File:Brutalism5.png]]~~	+
−		+
−	~~Trellick Tower, London.~~	+
−		+
−	~~[[File:Brutalism6.png\|link=File:Brutalism6.png]]~~	+
−		+
−	~~Welbeck Street car park (demolished 2019)~~	+
−		+
−	[[File:Welbeck-street-car-park-demolition-eric-parry-architects-hotel-dezeen-2364-hero-1024x576_290.jpg\|link=File:Welbeck-street-car-park-demolition-eric-parry-architects-hotel-dezeen-2364-hero-1024x576_290.jpg]]	+
−		+
−	~~= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =~~	+
−		+
−	* Architectural styles.	+
−	* Bauhaus.	+
−	* Boom Cities: architect-planners and the politics of urban renewal in 1960s Britain.	+
−	* British post-war mass housing.	+
−	* Brutalist London Map - review.	+
−	* Chinese brutalism.	+
−	* Cite Radieuse.	+
−	* Concrete.	+
−	* Constructivist architecture.	+
−	* Deconstructivism.	+
−	* Erno Goldfinger.	+
−	* Heroic architecture.	+
−	* High-tech architecture.	+
−	* Howell Killick Partridge and Amis.	+
−	* Italian brutalism.	+
−	* Megastructure.	+
−	* Metabolism.	+
−	* Owen Hatherley - Landscapes of Communism.	+
−	* Sink estate regeneration plans.	+
−	* Space, Hope and Brutalism.	+
−	* Spanish brutalism.	+
−	* Spomeniks.	+
−	* Trellick Tower.	+
−	* Whittington Estate.	+
−		+
−	~~= External resources =~~	+
−		+
−	* Dezeen - Guide to Brutalist architecture.	+

	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Example]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Project_Knowledge]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Design]]		[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Example]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Project_Knowledge]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Design]]