Bronze - Revision history

Editor at 17:27, 21 January 2022

2022-01-21T17:27:19Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:27, 21 January 2022
Line 74:		Line 74:
	* Patination.		* Patination.
	* Spring materials.		* Spring materials.
		+	* Tin.
	* Types of metal.		* Types of metal.

	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]		[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]

Editor at 14:09, 21 January 2022

2022-01-21T14:09:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:09, 21 January 2022
Line 63:		Line 63:
	\|}		\|}

−	Bronze can also be damaged due to excessive human contact, flaws in the casting ~~processes~~ or cracks caused by extreme weather or inhospitable climates.	+	Bronze can also be damaged due to excessive human contact, flaws in the casting process or cracks caused by extreme weather or inhospitable climates.

	= Related articles on Designing Buildings =		= Related articles on Designing Buildings =

Designing Buildings at 07:41, 12 January 2022

2022-01-12T07:41:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:41, 12 January 2022
Line 49:		Line 49:
	= Working with bronze =		= Working with bronze =

−	Bronze can be very hard to work by hand and is frequently used as a cast metal because its melting point is so low. When molten, bronze has great fluidity, so that even the most complicated details can be reproduced ~~sharply~~. Its contraction upon cooling is very slight, so there is little distortion.	+	Bronze can be very hard to work by hand and is frequently used as a cast metal because its melting point is so low. When molten, bronze has great fluidity, so that even the most complicated details can be reproduced. Its contraction upon cooling is very slight, so there is little distortion.

−	When cold, the cutting edges of bronze can be tempered by hammering, which sharpens and strengthens ~~them~~. It is often finished by hand. The value of antique bronze objects is often influenced by the quality of this type of ~~handiwork~~.	+	When cold, the cutting edges of bronze can be tempered by hammering, which sharpens and strengthens it. It is often finished by hand. The value of antique bronze objects is often influenced by the quality of this type of hand work.

−	Bronze ages ~~with care~~, acquiring a patina that can add shadows and textures. Skilled bronze workers can also achieve this effect deliberately through a process called patination.	+	Bronze ages, acquiring a patina that can add shadows and textures. Skilled bronze workers can also achieve this effect deliberately through a process called patination.

	When cleaning bronze, it is inadvisable to remove the patina unless absolutely necessary. Strong cleaners or excessively bright polishes should be avoided.		When cleaning bronze, it is inadvisable to remove the patina unless absolutely necessary. Strong cleaners or excessively bright polishes should be avoided.
Line 71:		Line 71:
	* Bronze Behaving Badly: principles of conservation for bronze objects.		* Bronze Behaving Badly: principles of conservation for bronze objects.
	* Copper in construction.		* Copper in construction.
		+	* Metal.
	* Patination.		* Patination.
	* Spring materials.		* Spring materials.
−	* Types of ~~stain on buildings~~.	+	* Types of metal.

	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]		[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]

Designing Buildings at 07:37, 12 January 2022

2022-01-12T07:37:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:37, 12 January 2022
Line 3:		Line 3:
	[[File:BronzeAgeTools.jpg\|link=File:BronzeAgeTools.jpg]]		[[File:BronzeAgeTools.jpg\|link=File:BronzeAgeTools.jpg]]

−	These late Bronze Age tools date from approximately 1000 to 800 BCE. They ~~are some of the artefacts~~ found at Adabroc, Isle of Lewis in Scotland.	+	These late Bronze Age tools date from approximately 1000 to 800 BCE. They were found at Adabroc, Isle of Lewis in Scotland.
	\|}		\|}

	= Introduction =		= Introduction =

−	Alloys are impure substances (admixtures) comprising a mixture of metals - or a metal to which small additions of other metals and non-metals - have been added to give it ~~special or~~ desired properties. The result is a compound that is likely to be superior in performance to the pure metal and may be more economical in use.	+	Alloys are impure substances (admixtures) comprising a mixture of metals - or a metal to which small additions of other metals and non-metals - have been added to give it specific desired properties. The result is a compound that is likely to be superior in performance to the pure metal and may be more economical in use.

−	Creating an alloy may ~~provide~~ enhanced tensile strength, ductility, malleability, corrosion resistance and so on. The resulting alloy ~~will~~ retain many of the properties of the original metal, such as electrical conductivity, in addition to the new properties.	+	Creating an alloy may produce enhanced tensile strength, ductility, malleability, corrosion resistance and so on. The resulting alloy may retain many of the properties of the original metal, such as electrical conductivity, in addition to the new properties.

	= The composition of bronze =		= The composition of bronze =
Line 16:		Line 16:
	Bronze is an alloy made from a mixture of copper and tin. It is one of the best known and oldest copper alloys.		Bronze is an alloy made from a mixture of copper and tin. It is one of the best known and oldest copper alloys.

−	Modifications to the proportions of copper and tin can result in types of bronze with different characteristics. In some instances, lead, zinc, manganese, aluminium, nickel and other materials may be added to enhance the ~~properties of~~ hardness and flexibility of bronze alloys.	+	Modifications to the proportions of copper and tin can result in types of bronze with different characteristics. In some instances, lead, zinc, manganese, aluminium, nickel and other materials may be added to enhance the hardness and flexibility of bronze alloys.

−	Unlike brass (which is a copper alloy that contains some form of zinc), bronze only sometimes contains zinc.	+	Unlike brass, which is a copper alloy that always contains some form of zinc, bronze only sometimes contains zinc.

	= History =		= History =
Line 28:		Line 28:
	During the Bronze Age, the discovery of the smelting process allowed humans to combine copper and tin to produce bronze - a much harder metal alloy. The durability of the substance has been reflected in the numerous bronze artefacts of the period that have survived.		During the Bronze Age, the discovery of the smelting process allowed humans to combine copper and tin to produce bronze - a much harder metal alloy. The durability of the substance has been reflected in the numerous bronze artefacts of the period that have survived.

−	It was during the Bronze Age that burial mounds or ‘round barrows’ became ~~popular~~. These personal graves sometimes included objects made of bronze ~~within the circular mounds~~.	+	It was during the Bronze Age that burial mounds or ‘round barrows’ became more common. These personal graves sometimes included objects made of bronze.

	The mining of copper and the acquisition of tin resulted in the development of noteworthy bronze metalworking skills that produced fine tools and other durable implements. Where these skills progressed, farming based cultures increasingly began to rely on hunting based activities to supplement their food supplies. This resulted in the increased production of a wide range of weapons and tools such as axes, knives, spears and daggers, as well as ornamental items such as rings, beads, pins and bracelets.		The mining of copper and the acquisition of tin resulted in the development of noteworthy bronze metalworking skills that produced fine tools and other durable implements. Where these skills progressed, farming based cultures increasingly began to rely on hunting based activities to supplement their food supplies. This resulted in the increased production of a wide range of weapons and tools such as axes, knives, spears and daggers, as well as ornamental items such as rings, beads, pins and bracelets.

−	The Bronze Age is believed to have lasted in the UK until roughly 700 BCE, which marked the beginning of the Iron Age. While iron was considered a stronger material in most circumstances, bronze was still preferred in applications where corrosion resistance was a priority. This was ~~especially~~ true in instances where moisture - such the combinations of salt water and maritime objects or rainwater and public statuary - would be an ongoing concern.	+	The Bronze Age is believed to have lasted in the UK until roughly 700 BCE, which marked the beginning of the Iron Age. While iron was considered a stronger material in most circumstances, bronze was still preferred in applications where corrosion resistance was a priority. This was particularly true in instances where moisture - such the combinations of salt water and maritime objects or rainwater and public statuary - would be an ongoing concern.

	= Bronze in the modern age =		= Bronze in the modern age =

−	The popularity of bronze has continued through the centuries. It is regularly used to cast sculptures and is often incorporated into ~~architecture,~~ doorways, columns, commemorative plaques and other decorative components.	+	The popularity of bronze has continued through the centuries. It is regularly used to cast sculptures and is often incorporated into doorways, columns, commemorative plaques and other decorative components.

	{\|		{\|
Line 42:		Line 42:
	[[File:FlorenceBronzeDoors.jpg\|link=File:FlorenceBronzeDoors.jpg]]		[[File:FlorenceBronzeDoors.jpg\|link=File:FlorenceBronzeDoors.jpg]]

−	These gilded bronze doors in Florence were designed by the sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti for the north entrance of the Baptistery of San Giovanni in Florence~~. Upon their completion, they were installed at the east entrance~~.	+	These gilded bronze doors in Florence were designed by the sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti for the north entrance of the Baptistery of San Giovanni in Florence.
	\|}		\|}

−	Its durability and corrosion resistant qualities also make bronze a common material in the production of hardware, springs, furniture trim, coins and so on. Bronze demonstrates high levels of thermal and electrical conductivity while being non-magnetic, which makes it suitable for use as tools (such as hammers, mallets, axes, and wrenches) in situations where the creation of sparks could ~~trigger~~ a ~~potential~~ safety issue.	+	Its durability and corrosion resistant qualities also make bronze a common material in the production of hardware, springs, furniture trim, coins and so on. Bronze demonstrates high levels of thermal and electrical conductivity while being non-magnetic, which makes it suitable for use as tools (such as hammers, mallets, axes, and wrenches) in situations where the creation of sparks could be a safety issue.

	= Working with bronze =		= Working with bronze =

Editor at 10:35, 11 January 2022

2022-01-11T10:35:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:35, 11 January 2022
Line 8:		Line 8:
	= Introduction =		= Introduction =

−	Alloys are impure substances (admixtures) comprising a mixture of metals, or a metal to which small additions of other metals and non-metals have been added to give it special or desired properties. The result is a compound that is likely to be superior in performance to the pure metal and may be more economical in use.	+	Alloys are impure substances (admixtures) comprising a mixture of metals - or a metal to which small additions of other metals and non-metals - have been added to give it special or desired properties. The result is a compound that is likely to be superior in performance to the pure metal and may be more economical in use.

−	Creating an alloy may provide enhanced tensile strength, ductility, malleability, corrosion resistance~~, etc~~. The resulting alloy will retain many of the properties of the original metal, such as electrical conductivity, in addition to the new properties.	+	Creating an alloy may provide enhanced tensile strength, ductility, malleability, corrosion resistance and so on. The resulting alloy will retain many of the properties of the original metal, such as electrical conductivity, in addition to the new properties.

	= The composition of bronze =		= The composition of bronze =
Line 16:		Line 16:
	Bronze is an alloy made from a mixture of copper and tin. It is one of the best known and oldest copper alloys.		Bronze is an alloy made from a mixture of copper and tin. It is one of the best known and oldest copper alloys.

−	Modifications to the proportions of copper and tin can result in types of bronze with different characteristics. In some instances, lead, zinc, manganese, aluminium, nickel and other materials ~~can sometimes~~ be added to enhance the properties of hardness and flexibility of bronze alloys. ~~While bronze may sometimes contain zinc,~~ brass is an alloy that ~~is generally made of copper and~~ some form of zinc.	+	Modifications to the proportions of copper and tin can result in types of bronze with different characteristics. In some instances, lead, zinc, manganese, aluminium, nickel and other materials may be added to enhance the properties of hardness and flexibility of bronze alloys.
		+
		+	Unlike brass (which is a copper alloy that contains some form of zinc), bronze only sometimes contains zinc.

	= History =		= History =
Line 22:		Line 24:
	The discovery of bronze dates to the Bronze Age - a period of history where humans moved away from working solely with stone to produce objects such as weapons and tools. While the precise dates of the Bronze Age vary in different parts of the world, evidence in the UK indicates the start as roughly 2500 BCE. This corresponds to dates associated with the introduction of metalworking as a skill.		The discovery of bronze dates to the Bronze Age - a period of history where humans moved away from working solely with stone to produce objects such as weapons and tools. While the precise dates of the Bronze Age vary in different parts of the world, evidence in the UK indicates the start as roughly 2500 BCE. This corresponds to dates associated with the introduction of metalworking as a skill.

−	The use of metals was not entirely unknown prior to the Bronze Age, but metal objects from earlier periods were not particularly well suited for tasks that required durability. During the Bronze Age, the discovery of the smelting process allowed humans to combine copper and tin to produce bronze - a much harder metal alloy. The durability of the substance has been reflected in the numerous bronze ~~artifacts~~ of the period that have survived.	+	The use of metals was not entirely unknown prior to the Bronze Age, but metal objects from earlier periods were usually made from a single type of metal. These objects were not particularly well suited for tasks that required durability.
		+
		+	During the Bronze Age, the discovery of the smelting process allowed humans to combine copper and tin to produce bronze - a much harder metal alloy. The durability of the substance has been reflected in the numerous bronze artefacts of the period that have survived.

	It was during the Bronze Age that burial mounds or ‘round barrows’ became popular. These personal graves sometimes included objects made of bronze within the circular mounds.		It was during the Bronze Age that burial mounds or ‘round barrows’ became popular. These personal graves sometimes included objects made of bronze within the circular mounds.

−	The mining of copper and the acquisition of tin resulted in the development of noteworthy bronze metalworking skills that produced tools and other implements. Where these skills progressed, farming based cultures increasingly began to rely on hunting based activities ~~as well~~. This resulted in the production of a wide range of weapons and tools such as axes, knives, spears and daggers, as well as ornamental items such as rings, beads, pins and bracelets.	+	The mining of copper and the acquisition of tin resulted in the development of noteworthy bronze metalworking skills that produced fine tools and other durable implements. Where these skills progressed, farming based cultures increasingly began to rely on hunting based activities to supplement their food supplies. This resulted in the increased production of a wide range of weapons and tools such as axes, knives, spears and daggers, as well as ornamental items such as rings, beads, pins and bracelets.

−	The Bronze Age is believed to have lasted in the UK until roughly 700 BCE, which marked the beginning of the Iron Age. While iron was considered a stronger material in most circumstances, bronze was still preferred in applications where corrosion resistance was a priority. This was especially true in instances where moisture - such as salt water ~~with~~ maritime objects or rainwater ~~with~~ public statuary - would be an ongoing concern.	+	The Bronze Age is believed to have lasted in the UK until roughly 700 BCE, which marked the beginning of the Iron Age. While iron was considered a stronger material in most circumstances, bronze was still preferred in applications where corrosion resistance was a priority. This was especially true in instances where moisture - such the combinations of salt water and maritime objects or rainwater and public statuary - would be an ongoing concern.

	= Bronze in the modern age =		= Bronze in the modern age =
Line 38:		Line 42:
	[[File:FlorenceBronzeDoors.jpg\|link=File:FlorenceBronzeDoors.jpg]]		[[File:FlorenceBronzeDoors.jpg\|link=File:FlorenceBronzeDoors.jpg]]

−	These gilded bronze doors in Florence ~~are known as the Gates of Paradise. They~~ were designed by the sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti for the north entrance of the Baptistery of San Giovanni in Florence. Upon their completion, they were installed at the east entrance.	+	These gilded bronze doors in Florence were designed by the sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti for the north entrance of the Baptistery of San Giovanni in Florence. Upon their completion, they were installed at the east entrance.
	\|}		\|}

−	Its durability and corrosion resistant qualities also make bronze a common material in the production of hardware, springs, furniture trim, coins and so on. Bronze demonstrates high levels of thermal and electrical conductivity while being non-magnetic, which makes ~~them~~ suitable for use as tools (such as hammers, mallets, axes, and wrenches) in situations where the creation of sparks ~~may be~~ a ~~concern~~.	+	Its durability and corrosion resistant qualities also make bronze a common material in the production of hardware, springs, furniture trim, coins and so on. Bronze demonstrates high levels of thermal and electrical conductivity while being non-magnetic, which makes it suitable for use as tools (such as hammers, mallets, axes, and wrenches) in situations where the creation of sparks could trigger a potential safety issue.

	= Working with bronze =		= Working with bronze =

−	Bronze can be very hard to work by hand and is frequently used as a cast metal because its melting point is so low. It is often finished by hand~~, and~~ the quality of this ~~work can determine the value~~ of ~~antique bronze~~.	+	Bronze can be very hard to work by hand and is frequently used as a cast metal because its melting point is so low. When molten, bronze has great fluidity, so that even the most complicated details can be reproduced sharply. Its contraction upon cooling is very slight, so there is little distortion.
		+
		+	When cold, the cutting edges of bronze can be tempered by hammering, which sharpens and strengthens them. It is often finished by hand. The value of antique bronze objects is often influenced by the quality of this type of handiwork.

−	~~When molten~~, ~~it has great fluidity, so~~ that ~~even the most complicated details~~ can ~~be reproduced sharply~~. ~~Its contraction upon cooling is very slight, so there is little distortion. When cold, cutting edges of~~ bronze can ~~be tempered by hammering, which sharpens and strengthens them~~.	+	Bronze ages with care, acquiring a patina that can add shadows and textures. Skilled bronze workers can also achieve this effect deliberately through a process called patination.

−	~~Bronze ages with care, acquiring a patina that can add shadows and textures. Skilled bronze workers can also achieve this effect deliberately through a process called patination.~~ When cleaning bronze, it is inadvisable to remove the patina unless absolutely necessary. Strong cleaners or excessively bright polishes should be avoided.	+	When cleaning bronze, it is inadvisable to remove the patina unless absolutely necessary. Strong cleaners or excessively bright polishes should be avoided.

−	Despite its durability, bronze can corrode over time, particularly if it is exposed to high levels of air pollution.. The patina eventually forms the familiar pale green copper carbonate which can partially prevent additional corrosion.	+	Despite its durability, bronze can corrode over time, particularly if it is exposed to high levels of air pollution. The patina eventually forms the familiar pale green copper carbonate which can partially prevent additional corrosion.

	{\|		{\|
Line 57:		Line 63:
	\|}		\|}

−	Bronze can also be damaged due to excessive human contact, flaws in the casting processes or cracks caused by extreme weather or inhospitable ~~climatic conditions~~.	+	Bronze can also be damaged due to excessive human contact, flaws in the casting processes or cracks caused by extreme weather or inhospitable climates.

	= Related articles on Designing Buildings =		= Related articles on Designing Buildings =

Editor at 18:20, 10 January 2022

2022-01-10T18:20:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:20, 10 January 2022
Line 65:		Line 65:
	* Bronze Behaving Badly: principles of conservation for bronze objects.		* Bronze Behaving Badly: principles of conservation for bronze objects.
	* Copper in construction.		* Copper in construction.
		+	* Patination.
	* Spring materials.		* Spring materials.
	* Types of stain on buildings.		* Types of stain on buildings.

	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]		[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]

Editor at 17:55, 10 January 2022

2022-01-10T17:55:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:55, 10 January 2022
Line 66:		Line 66:
	* Copper in construction.		* Copper in construction.
	* Spring materials.		* Spring materials.
		+	* Types of stain on buildings.

	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]		[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]

Editor at 17:52, 10 January 2022

2022-01-10T17:52:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:52, 10 January 2022
Line 65:		Line 65:
	* Bronze Behaving Badly: principles of conservation for bronze objects.		* Bronze Behaving Badly: principles of conservation for bronze objects.
	* Copper in construction.		* Copper in construction.
−	* Defects in brickwork.
	* Spring materials.		* Spring materials.
−	* Stainless steel in construction.	+
		+	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]

Editor at 17:49, 10 January 2022

2022-01-10T17:49:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:49, 10 January 2022
Line 36:		Line 36:
	{\|		{\|
	\|width="100%"\|		\|width="100%"\|
−	[[File:FlorenceBronzeDoors.jpg]]	+	[[File:FlorenceBronzeDoors.jpg\|link=File:FlorenceBronzeDoors.jpg]]

	These gilded bronze doors in Florence are known as the Gates of Paradise. They were designed by the sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti for the north entrance of the Baptistery of San Giovanni in Florence. Upon their completion, they were installed at the east entrance.		These gilded bronze doors in Florence are known as the Gates of Paradise. They were designed by the sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti for the north entrance of the Baptistery of San Giovanni in Florence. Upon their completion, they were installed at the east entrance.
Line 51:		Line 51:
	Bronze ages with care, acquiring a patina that can add shadows and textures. Skilled bronze workers can also achieve this effect deliberately through a process called patination. When cleaning bronze, it is inadvisable to remove the patina unless absolutely necessary. Strong cleaners or excessively bright polishes should be avoided.		Bronze ages with care, acquiring a patina that can add shadows and textures. Skilled bronze workers can also achieve this effect deliberately through a process called patination. When cleaning bronze, it is inadvisable to remove the patina unless absolutely necessary. Strong cleaners or excessively bright polishes should be avoided.

−	Despite its durability, bronze can corrode over time, particularly if it is exposed to ~~harsh conditions~~. The patina eventually forms the familiar pale green copper carbonate which can partially prevent additional corrosion.	+	Despite its durability, bronze can corrode over time, particularly if it is exposed to high levels of air pollution.. The patina eventually forms the familiar pale green copper carbonate which can partially prevent additional corrosion.

	{\|		{\|
−	\| [[File:StatueOfLibertyHead.jpg]]	+	\| [[File:StatueOfLibertyHead.jpg\|link=File:StatueOfLibertyHead.jpg]]
	\|}		\|}

Editor at 17:47, 10 January 2022

2022-01-10T17:47:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:47, 10 January 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{\|		{\|
	\|width="100%"\|		\|width="100%"\|
−	[[File:BronzeAgeTools.jpg]]	+	[[File:BronzeAgeTools.jpg\|link=File:BronzeAgeTools.jpg]]

−	These late Bronze Age tools ~~came~~ from the ~~Adabrock hoard located on the~~ Isle of Lewis.	+	These late Bronze Age tools date from approximately 1000 to 800 BCE. They are some of the artefacts found at Adabroc, Isle of Lewis in Scotland.
	\|}		\|}

−	~~Bronze~~	+	= Introduction =
−		+
−	Introduction	+

	Alloys are impure substances (admixtures) comprising a mixture of metals, or a metal to which small additions of other metals and non-metals have been added to give it special or desired properties. The result is a compound that is likely to be superior in performance to the pure metal and may be more economical in use.		Alloys are impure substances (admixtures) comprising a mixture of metals, or a metal to which small additions of other metals and non-metals have been added to give it special or desired properties. The result is a compound that is likely to be superior in performance to the pure metal and may be more economical in use.
Line 14:		Line 12:
	Creating an alloy may provide enhanced tensile strength, ductility, malleability, corrosion resistance, etc. The resulting alloy will retain many of the properties of the original metal, such as electrical conductivity, in addition to the new properties.		Creating an alloy may provide enhanced tensile strength, ductility, malleability, corrosion resistance, etc. The resulting alloy will retain many of the properties of the original metal, such as electrical conductivity, in addition to the new properties.

−	The composition of bronze	+	= The composition of bronze =

	Bronze is an alloy made from a mixture of copper and tin. It is one of the best known and oldest copper alloys.		Bronze is an alloy made from a mixture of copper and tin. It is one of the best known and oldest copper alloys.
Line 20:		Line 18:
	Modifications to the proportions of copper and tin can result in types of bronze with different characteristics. In some instances, lead, zinc, manganese, aluminium, nickel and other materials can sometimes be added to enhance the properties of hardness and flexibility of bronze alloys. While bronze may sometimes contain zinc, brass is an alloy that is generally made of copper and some form of zinc.		Modifications to the proportions of copper and tin can result in types of bronze with different characteristics. In some instances, lead, zinc, manganese, aluminium, nickel and other materials can sometimes be added to enhance the properties of hardness and flexibility of bronze alloys. While bronze may sometimes contain zinc, brass is an alloy that is generally made of copper and some form of zinc.

−	History	+	= History =

−	The Bronze Age is a period of history where humans moved away from working solely with stone to produce objects such as weapons and tools. While the precise dates of the Bronze Age vary in different parts of the world, evidence ~~dates the start of the Bronze Age~~ in the UK as 2500 BCE with the introduction of metalworking as a skill.	+	The discovery of bronze dates to the Bronze Age - a period of history where humans moved away from working solely with stone to produce objects such as weapons and tools. While the precise dates of the Bronze Age vary in different parts of the world, evidence in the UK indicates the start as roughly 2500 BCE. This corresponds to dates associated with the introduction of metalworking as a skill.

	The use of metals was not entirely unknown prior to the Bronze Age, but metal objects from earlier periods were not particularly well suited for tasks that required durability. During the Bronze Age, the discovery of the smelting process allowed humans to combine copper and tin to produce bronze - a much harder metal alloy. The durability of the substance has been reflected in the numerous bronze artifacts of the period that have survived.		The use of metals was not entirely unknown prior to the Bronze Age, but metal objects from earlier periods were not particularly well suited for tasks that required durability. During the Bronze Age, the discovery of the smelting process allowed humans to combine copper and tin to produce bronze - a much harder metal alloy. The durability of the substance has been reflected in the numerous bronze artifacts of the period that have survived.
Line 32:		Line 30:
	The Bronze Age is believed to have lasted in the UK until roughly 700 BCE, which marked the beginning of the Iron Age. While iron was considered a stronger material in most circumstances, bronze was still preferred in applications where corrosion resistance was a priority. This was especially true in instances where moisture - such as salt water with maritime objects or rainwater with public statuary - would be an ongoing concern.		The Bronze Age is believed to have lasted in the UK until roughly 700 BCE, which marked the beginning of the Iron Age. While iron was considered a stronger material in most circumstances, bronze was still preferred in applications where corrosion resistance was a priority. This was especially true in instances where moisture - such as salt water with maritime objects or rainwater with public statuary - would be an ongoing concern.

−	Bronze in the modern age	+	= Bronze in the modern age =

	The popularity of bronze has continued through the centuries. It is regularly used to cast sculptures and is often incorporated into architecture, doorways, columns, commemorative plaques and other decorative components.		The popularity of bronze has continued through the centuries. It is regularly used to cast sculptures and is often incorporated into architecture, doorways, columns, commemorative plaques and other decorative components.

−	Gates of Paradise, Italian Porta del Paradiso, the pair of gilded bronze doors (1425–52) designed by the sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti for the north entrance of the Baptistery of San Giovanni in Florence. Upon their completion, they were installed at the east entrance.	+	{\|
		+	\|width="100%"\|
		+	[[File:FlorenceBronzeDoors.jpg]]

−	~~pixabairis~~, ~~Pixabay~~	+	These gilded bronze doors in Florence are known as the Gates of Paradise. They were designed by the sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti for the north entrance of the Baptistery of San Giovanni in Florence. Upon their completion, they were installed at the east entrance.
−		+	\|}
−	~~https://pixabay~~.~~com/nl/photos/paradijs-deur-doopkapel-florence-662549/~~	+

	Its durability and corrosion resistant qualities also make bronze a common material in the production of hardware, springs, furniture trim, coins and so on. Bronze demonstrates high levels of thermal and electrical conductivity while being non-magnetic, which makes them suitable for use as tools (such as hammers, mallets, axes, and wrenches) in situations where the creation of sparks may be a concern.		Its durability and corrosion resistant qualities also make bronze a common material in the production of hardware, springs, furniture trim, coins and so on. Bronze demonstrates high levels of thermal and electrical conductivity while being non-magnetic, which makes them suitable for use as tools (such as hammers, mallets, axes, and wrenches) in situations where the creation of sparks may be a concern.

−	Working with bronze	+	= Working with bronze =

	Bronze can be very hard to work by hand and is frequently used as a cast metal because its melting point is so low. It is often finished by hand, and the quality of this work can determine the value of antique bronze.		Bronze can be very hard to work by hand and is frequently used as a cast metal because its melting point is so low. It is often finished by hand, and the quality of this work can determine the value of antique bronze.
Line 54:		Line 53:
	Despite its durability, bronze can corrode over time, particularly if it is exposed to harsh conditions. The patina eventually forms the familiar pale green copper carbonate which can partially prevent additional corrosion.		Despite its durability, bronze can corrode over time, particularly if it is exposed to harsh conditions. The patina eventually forms the familiar pale green copper carbonate which can partially prevent additional corrosion.

−	~~Statue of Liberty picture~~	+	{\|
−		+	\| [[File:StatueOfLibertyHead.jpg]]
−	~~https~~:~~//pixabay~~.~~com/photos/statue-nyc-new-liberty-usa-2148396/~~	+	\|}
−		+
−	~~kay2170~~	+

	Bronze can also be damaged due to excessive human contact, flaws in the casting processes or cracks caused by extreme weather or inhospitable climatic conditions.		Bronze can also be damaged due to excessive human contact, flaws in the casting processes or cracks caused by extreme weather or inhospitable climatic conditions.