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		<id>https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=Bedrock</id>
		<title>Bedrock - Revision history</title>
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		<updated>2026-04-16T13:55:13Z</updated>
		<subtitle>Revision history for this page on the wiki</subtitle>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Bedrock&amp;diff=199269&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>112.135.12.197 at 20:13, 25 March 2021</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Bedrock&amp;diff=199269&amp;oldid=prev"/>
				<updated>2021-03-25T20:13:37Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: white; color:black;&quot;&gt;
			&lt;col class='diff-marker' /&gt;
			&lt;col class='diff-content' /&gt;
			&lt;col class='diff-marker' /&gt;
			&lt;col class='diff-content' /&gt;
		&lt;tr valign='top'&gt;
		&lt;td colspan='2' style=&quot;background-color: white; color:black;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td colspan='2' style=&quot;background-color: white; color:black;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 20:13, 25 March 2021&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Bedrock is rock that underlies loose deposits such as soil or alluvium. Ref The HS2 London-West Midlands Environmental Statement, published by the Department for Transport in November 2013.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Bedrock is rock that underlies loose deposits such as soil or alluvium. Ref The HS2 London-West Midlands Environmental Statement, published by the Department for Transport in November 2013.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;The National Geographic Society suggests that ‘Bedrock is the hard, solid rock beneath surface materials such as soil and gravel. Bedrock also underlies sand and other sediments on the ocean floor. Bedrock is consolidated rock, meaning it is solid and tightly bound. Overlying material is often unconsolidated rock, which is made up of loose particles.’ Ref [https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/bedrock/ https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/bedrock/]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;The National Geographic Society suggests that ‘Bedrock&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;' &lt;/ins&gt;is the hard, solid rock beneath surface materials such as soil and gravel. Bedrock also underlies sand and other sediments on the ocean floor. Bedrock is consolidated rock, meaning it is solid and tightly bound. Overlying material is often unconsolidated rock, which is made up of loose particles.’ Ref [https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/bedrock/ https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/bedrock/]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Identifying bedrock is an important part of civil engineering, as it can be used to help support built assets such as buildings, bridges and other structures. Foundations may be built onto the rockhead, that is the upper boundary of the bedrock. This can involve excavating through surface soils.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Identifying bedrock is an important part of civil engineering, as it can be used to help support built assets such as buildings, bridges and other structures. Foundations may be built onto the rockhead, that is the upper boundary of the bedrock. This can involve excavating through surface soils.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>[IP address hidden]</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Bedrock&amp;diff=184185&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Designing Buildings at 06:56, 30 November 2020</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Bedrock&amp;diff=184185&amp;oldid=prev"/>
				<updated>2020-11-30T06:56:59Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: white; color:black;&quot;&gt;
			&lt;col class='diff-marker' /&gt;
			&lt;col class='diff-content' /&gt;
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			&lt;col class='diff-content' /&gt;
		&lt;tr valign='top'&gt;
		&lt;td colspan='2' style=&quot;background-color: white; color:black;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td colspan='2' style=&quot;background-color: white; color:black;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 06:56, 30 November 2020&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 33:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 33:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Types of soil.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Types of soil.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Construction_techniques]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] &lt;/ins&gt;[[Category:Construction_techniques]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Designing Buildings</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Bedrock&amp;diff=122165&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Designing Buildings at 10:52, 7 December 2018</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Bedrock&amp;diff=122165&amp;oldid=prev"/>
				<updated>2018-12-07T10:52:49Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: white; color:black;&quot;&gt;
			&lt;col class='diff-marker' /&gt;
			&lt;col class='diff-content' /&gt;
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			&lt;col class='diff-content' /&gt;
		&lt;tr valign='top'&gt;
		&lt;td colspan='2' style=&quot;background-color: white; color:black;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td colspan='2' style=&quot;background-color: white; color:black;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 10:52, 7 December 2018&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 15:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 15:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Alluvium.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Alluvium.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Basal layer.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Basal layer.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;* Bearing capacity.&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Bearing capacity.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Bearing capacity.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Bulk filling materials.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Bulk filling materials.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Designing Buildings</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Bedrock&amp;diff=122164&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Designing Buildings at 10:52, 7 December 2018</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Bedrock&amp;diff=122164&amp;oldid=prev"/>
				<updated>2018-12-07T10:52:32Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: white; color:black;&quot;&gt;
			&lt;col class='diff-marker' /&gt;
			&lt;col class='diff-content' /&gt;
			&lt;col class='diff-marker' /&gt;
			&lt;col class='diff-content' /&gt;
		&lt;tr valign='top'&gt;
		&lt;td colspan='2' style=&quot;background-color: white; color:black;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td colspan='2' style=&quot;background-color: white; color:black;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 10:52, 7 December 2018&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 3:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 3:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;The National Geographic Society suggests that ‘Bedrock is the hard, solid rock beneath surface materials such as soil and gravel. Bedrock also underlies sand and other sediments on the ocean floor. Bedrock is consolidated rock, meaning it is solid and tightly bound. Overlying material is often unconsolidated rock, which is made up of loose particles.’ Ref [https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/bedrock/ https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/bedrock/]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;The National Geographic Society suggests that ‘Bedrock is the hard, solid rock beneath surface materials such as soil and gravel. Bedrock also underlies sand and other sediments on the ocean floor. Bedrock is consolidated rock, meaning it is solid and tightly bound. Overlying material is often unconsolidated rock, which is made up of loose particles.’ Ref [https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/bedrock/ https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/bedrock/]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Identifying bedrock is an important part of civil engineering, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;helping &lt;/del&gt;to support built &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;assests &lt;/del&gt;such as buildings, bridges and other structures. Foundations may be built &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;on &lt;/del&gt;the rockhead, that is the upper boundary of the bedrock. This can involve excavating through surface soils.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Identifying bedrock is an important part of civil engineering, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;as it can be used &lt;/ins&gt;to &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;help &lt;/ins&gt;support built &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;assets &lt;/ins&gt;such as buildings, bridges and other structures. Foundations may be built &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;onto &lt;/ins&gt;the rockhead, that is the upper boundary of the bedrock. This can involve excavating through surface soils.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;The depth of bedrock can be determined by desk studies, digging, drilling and other geophysical methods. It varies significantly at different locations, and &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;necessitate &lt;/del&gt;different types of foundations or other structural &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;support&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;The depth of bedrock can be determined by desk studies, digging, drilling and other geophysical methods. It varies significantly at different locations, and &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;necessitates &lt;/ins&gt;different types of foundations or other structural &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;supports&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Shallow foundations are typically used where the loads imposed by a structure are low relative to the bearing capacity of the surface soils. This might include; strip foundations, pad foundations or raft foundations. Raft foundations are slabs that cover a wide area, often the entire footprint of a building, and are suitable where ground conditions are poor, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;settlement is likely, or where it may be impractical to create individual strip or pad foundations for &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;large number of individual loads&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Shallow foundations are typically used where the loads imposed by a structure are low relative to the bearing capacity of the surface soils. This might include; strip foundations, pad foundations or raft foundations. Raft foundations are slabs that cover a wide area, often the entire footprint of a building, and are suitable where ground conditions are poor, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;effectively floating on poor ground like &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;raft&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Deep foundations are necessary where the bearing capacity of the surface soils is insufficient to support loads imposed and so they are transferred to deeper layers with higher bearing capacity. Deep foundations are typically formed by piles, which are long, slender, columns typically made from steel or reinforced concrete, or sometimes timber.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Deep foundations are necessary where the bearing capacity of the surface soils is insufficient to support loads imposed and so they are transferred to deeper layers with higher bearing capacity. Deep foundations are typically formed by piles, which are long, slender, columns typically made from steel or reinforced concrete, or sometimes timber.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Designing Buildings</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Bedrock&amp;diff=122163&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Designing Buildings: Created page with &quot;Bedrock is rock that underlies loose deposits such as soil or alluvium. Ref The HS2 London-West Midlands Environmental Statement, published by the Department for Transport in Nov...&quot;</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Bedrock&amp;diff=122163&amp;oldid=prev"/>
				<updated>2018-12-07T10:50:07Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Created page with &amp;quot;Bedrock is rock that underlies loose deposits such as soil or alluvium. Ref The HS2 London-West Midlands Environmental Statement, published by the Department for Transport in Nov...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;New page&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;Bedrock is rock that underlies loose deposits such as soil or alluvium. Ref The HS2 London-West Midlands Environmental Statement, published by the Department for Transport in November 2013.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The National Geographic Society suggests that ‘Bedrock is the hard, solid rock beneath surface materials such as soil and gravel. Bedrock also underlies sand and other sediments on the ocean floor. Bedrock is consolidated rock, meaning it is solid and tightly bound. Overlying material is often unconsolidated rock, which is made up of loose particles.’ Ref [https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/bedrock/ https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/bedrock/]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Identifying bedrock is an important part of civil engineering, helping to support built assests such as buildings, bridges and other structures. Foundations may be built on the rockhead, that is the upper boundary of the bedrock. This can involve excavating through surface soils.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The depth of bedrock can be determined by desk studies, digging, drilling and other geophysical methods. It varies significantly at different locations, and necessitate different types of foundations or other structural support.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Shallow foundations are typically used where the loads imposed by a structure are low relative to the bearing capacity of the surface soils. This might include; strip foundations, pad foundations or raft foundations. Raft foundations are slabs that cover a wide area, often the entire footprint of a building, and are suitable where ground conditions are poor, settlement is likely, or where it may be impractical to create individual strip or pad foundations for a large number of individual loads.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Deep foundations are necessary where the bearing capacity of the surface soils is insufficient to support loads imposed and so they are transferred to deeper layers with higher bearing capacity. Deep foundations are typically formed by piles, which are long, slender, columns typically made from steel or reinforced concrete, or sometimes timber.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Alluvium.&lt;br /&gt;
* Basal layer.&lt;br /&gt;
* Bearing capacity.&lt;br /&gt;
* Bearing capacity.&lt;br /&gt;
* Bulk filling materials.&lt;br /&gt;
* Clay.&lt;br /&gt;
* Contaminated land.&lt;br /&gt;
* Deep foundations.&lt;br /&gt;
* Desk study.&lt;br /&gt;
* Foundations.&lt;br /&gt;
* Hydraulically treated soils in residential construction (BR 513).&lt;br /&gt;
* Insitu testing of soils.&lt;br /&gt;
* Pile foundations.&lt;br /&gt;
* Sand.&lt;br /&gt;
* Shallow foundations.&lt;br /&gt;
* Soil report.&lt;br /&gt;
* Soil survey.&lt;br /&gt;
* Subsoil.&lt;br /&gt;
* Topsoil.&lt;br /&gt;
* Types of soil.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Construction_techniques]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Designing Buildings</name></author>	</entry>

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