Ballast - Revision history

Designing Buildings at 08:10, 24 March 2022

2022-03-24T08:10:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:10, 24 March 2022
Line 153:		Line 153:
	* It may be used on sidings and tracks.		* It may be used on sidings and tracks.

−	= Related articles on Designing Buildings ~~Wiki~~ =	+	NB The [https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/ glossary of statistical terms], published by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), defines ballast as a: ‘Heavy material carried by a ship for ensuring proper stability, so as to avoid capsizing and to secure effective propulsion.’
		+
		+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings =

	* Aggregate.		* Aggregate.

Designing Buildings at 08:56, 23 January 2021

2021-01-23T08:56:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:56, 23 January 2021
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	* Sustainable aggregates.		* Sustainable aggregates.

−	[[Category:~~Definitions~~]] [[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:~~Education~~]] [[Category:~~DCN_Education_and_Training~~]] [[Category:~~Projects_and_case_studies~~]] [[Category:~~DCN_Project_Knowledge~~]] [[Category:~~Publications_/_reports~~]] [[Category:~~Research_~~/~~_Innovation~~]] [[Category:~~DCN_Research,_Development_and_Innovation~~]] [[Category:Theory]] [[Category:Products_/_components~~]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge~~]]	+	[[Category:DCN_Commentary]] [[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:Education]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]] [[Category:Publications_/_reports]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Theory]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]

Designing Buildings at 07:51, 6 March 2020

2020-03-06T07:51:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:51, 6 March 2020
Line 83:		Line 83:
	= Brick ballast =		= Brick ballast =

−	It is generally in form of broken over burnt brick	+	It is generally in the form of broken over burnt brick.

−	Advantages:-	+	Advantages:

−	* It is cheap ~~material for use as ballast~~	+	* It is cheap.
−	* ~~It is~~ drainage ~~property~~ is good	+	* Its drainage is good.
−	* It prevents growth of vegetation	+	* It prevents growth of vegetation.
−	* It is easily available	+	* It is easily available.

−	Disadvantages:-	+	Disadvantages:

−	* It may have adverse effects on rails and metal sleepers as it may corrugate them	+	* It may have adverse effects on rails and metal sleepers as it may corrugate them.
−	* Maintenance of track ~~laid with this material as ballast~~ is difficult	+	* Maintenance of track is difficult.
−	* It may produce dusty track as it turns into powder under heavy load	+	* It may produce a dusty track as it turns into powder under heavy load.

−	Ashes:	+	= Ashes =

−	These are residue obtained from coal~~. It is also used as ballast~~.	+	These are residue obtained from coal.

−	Advantages:-	+	Advantages:

−	* It is ~~cheap and~~ very economical ~~as it is by product of every railway~~	+	* It is very economical.
−	* Available in abundant quantity	+	* Available in abundant quantity.
−	* It has very good drainage ~~property~~	+	* It has very good drainage properties.

−	Disadvantages:-	+	Disadvantages:

−	* It has ~~got~~ corrosive ~~property~~ and hence ~~affect~~ the rails and metal sleepers	+	* It has corrosive properties and hence affects the rails and metal sleepers.
−	* It may laid track dusty as it gets easily reduced to powder under heavy load	+	* It may make laid track dusty as it gets easily reduced to powder under heavy load.

−	Gravel:-	+	= Gravel =

−	It is one of the best ~~material~~ used as ballast next to broken stone consisting of smooth round shaped material obtained from ~~riverbed~~.	+	It is one of the best materials used as ballast next to broken stone, consisting of smooth, round-shaped material obtained from riverbeds.

−	Advantages:-	+	Advantages:

−	* It is cheaper than broken stone	+	* It is cheaper than broken stone.
−	* ~~It's~~ drainage ~~property is~~ good	+	* Its drainage good.
−	* It is useful for main ~~line~~	+	* It is useful for main lines.

−	Disadvantages:-	+	Disadvantages:

−	* Due to rounded shape, it can easily ~~rolls~~ down due to vibrations and results in loosening of sleepers	+	* Due to its rounded shape, it can easily roll down due to vibrations and this results in loosening of sleepers.
−	* Washing is required if gravels are obtained from pits	+	* Washing is required if gravels are obtained from pits.
−	* Screening is required as there is variation in size and quality	+	* Screening is required as there is variation in size and quality.
−	* ~~In short, uniform~~ grading of gravel is required	+	* Uniform grading of gravel is required.

−	Blast furnaces slag:	+	= Blast furnaces slag =

−	A ~~byproduct~~ obtained from manufacture of iron ~~can also be used as ballast~~.	+	A by product obtained from the manufacture of iron.

−	Advantages:-	+	Advantages:

−	* It is cheap	+	* It is cheap.
−	* It has good drainage ~~property~~	+	* It has good drainage properties.
−	* It is strong and holds track in correct gauge and alignment	+	* It is strong and holds track in the correct gauge and alignment.

−	Disadvantages:-	+	Disadvantages:

−	* It is not available in large ~~quantity~~	+	* It is not available in large quantities.

−	Selected earth:	+	= Selected earth =

−	These are indurate clay and decomposed rocks. ~~These~~ are used as ballast when tracks to be laid on new formation. After consolidation, the surface becomes hard then good ~~type of~~ ballast is laid.	+	These are indurate clay and decomposed rocks. They are used as ballast when tracks are to be laid on new formation. After consolidation, the surface becomes hard then good ballast is laid.

−	Advantages:-	+	Advantages:

−	* It prevents loss of good ballast on new formation	+	* It prevents loss of good ballast on new formation.
	* It may be used on sidings and tracks.		* It may be used on sidings and tracks.

−	~~<Humayoon Sial>~~	+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =

−	~~<humayoonsial~~.~~civil@gmail~~.~~com>~~	+	* Aggregate.
		+	* Aggregates levy.
		+	* Blinding.
		+	* BREEAM Recycled aggregates.
		+	* Bulk filling materials.
		+	* Capping layer.
		+	* Chert.
		+	* Construction aggregates market 2016 - 2024.
		+	* Dredging.
		+	* Global construction aggregates market revenue to 2021.
		+	* Gravel.
		+	* Gravel v hardcore v aggregates.
		+	* Hardcore.
		+	* Material Flow Analysis: A tool for sustainable aggregate sourcing.
		+	* Measuring stockpiles using image-based 3D reconstruction.
		+	* Sand.
		+	* Screed.
		+	* Slaking.
		+	* Sustainable aggregates.

−	[[Category:~~Articles_needing_more_work~~]] [[Category:~~Conservation~~]] [[Category:~~Definitions~~]] [[Category:~~Education~~]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]] [[Category:Publications_/_reports]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:~~Theory~~]] [[Category:~~Standards_/_measurements~~]] [[Category:~~Construction_management~~]] [[Category:~~Construction_techniques~~]]	+	[[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:Education]] [[Category:DCN_Education_and_Training]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]] [[Category:DCN_Project_Knowledge]] [[Category:Publications_/_reports]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:DCN_Research,_Development_and_Innovation]] [[Category:Theory]] [[Category:Products_/_components]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]]

Designing Buildings: moved BALLAST to Ballast

2020-03-06T07:44:06Z

moved BALLAST to Ballast

← Older revision

Revision as of 07:44, 6 March 2020

Designing Buildings at 07:43, 6 March 2020

2020-03-06T07:43:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:43, 6 March 2020
Line 17:		Line 17:
	= Broken stone =		= Broken stone =

−	These are obtained from hard stones and it should be strong, hard, tough, durable, angular and ~~does~~ not flake when broken ~~and hence Indian Railway adopt it very frequently~~.	+	These are obtained from hard stones and should be strong, hard, tough, durable, angular and do not flake when broken.

−	Advantages:-	+	Advantages:

	* They are strong, durable and provide maximum stability to track.		* They are strong, durable and provide maximum stability to track.
−	* These ~~are mostly~~ used for high speed track ~~in India~~.	+	* These can be used for high speed track.
−	* These types of ballast ~~are~~ cheaper in long run.	+	* These types of ballast can be cheaper in the long run.

−	Disadvantages:-	+	Disadvantages:

	* The main disadvantages of this type of ballast is that its initial cost is more.		* The main disadvantages of this type of ballast is that its initial cost is more.

−	Moorum:-	+	= Moorum =

−	It is normally used as an initial ballast in new construction. It is of red or sometimes yellow in ~~color~~. It is ~~Suitable~~ for station yards.	+	This is normally used as an initial ballast in new construction. It is red or sometimes yellow in colour. It is suitable for station yards.

−	Advantages:-	+	Advantages:

	* It is cheaper.		* It is cheaper.
	* It may serve as soiling when stone ballast is spread afterwards.		* It may serve as soiling when stone ballast is spread afterwards.
−	* Drainage ~~property~~ is good.	+	* Drainage is good.

−	Disadvantages:-	+	Disadvantages:

−	* It may ~~turns~~ into powder under heavy loads.	+	* It may turn into powder under heavy loads.
−	* It may ~~produces~~ dusty track.	+	* It may produce dusty track.
−	* Maintenance of track with this type of ballast ~~laid~~ is difficult.	+	* Maintenance of track with this type of ballast is difficult.

−	Sand:-	+	= Sand =

−	Coarse sand is generally used ~~as ballast and is a moderate material to use~~ as ballast.	+	Coarse sand is generally used as ballast.

−	Advantages:-	+	Advantages:

−	* It is cheap ~~material~~	+	* It is cheap.
−	* It is easily available	+	* It is easily available.
−	* It has good drainage ~~property~~	+	* It has good drainage properties.
	* It produces less noisy track.		* It produces less noisy track.
−	* It will not allow vegetation to grow ~~on track~~	+	* It will not allow vegetation to grow.
	* It is used on temporary and unimportant track.		* It is used on temporary and unimportant track.

−	Disadvantages:-	+	Disadvantages:

−	* Maintenance of tracks ~~laid by these ballast~~ is difficult	+	* Maintenance of tracks is difficult.
−	* Sand may blown by wind or may washed by rain	+	* Sand may blown by wind or may washed by rain.
−	* It may spread due to vibrations and thus maintenance is difficult	+	* It may spread due to vibrations and thus maintenance is difficult.
−	* It may ~~leads~~ to wear if it gets into the moving part of ~~train~~	+	* It may lead to wear if it gets into the moving part of trains.

−	Kankar:-	+	= Kankar =

−	Kankar are ~~also~~ used as ballast where other ~~chief material for ballast is~~ not easily available.	+	Kankar are used as ballast where other materials are not easily available.

−	Advantages:-	+	Advantages:

−	* It is cheap	+	* It is cheap.
−	* It has got good drainage ~~property~~	+	* It has got good drainage properties.
−	* Used for M.G. and N.G. tracks having light traffic	+	* Used for M.G. and N.G. tracks having light traffic.

−	Disadvantages:-	+	Disadvantages:

	* It is soft and hence it may convert into powder under heavy load.		* It is soft and hence it may convert into powder under heavy load.
−	* It may have corrosive action on rails	+	* It may have corrosive action on rails.
−	* Maintenance of track is difficult	+	* Maintenance of track is difficult.

−	Brick ballast:	+	= Brick ballast =

	It is generally in form of broken over burnt brick		It is generally in form of broken over burnt brick

Designing Buildings at 07:39, 6 March 2020

2020-03-06T07:39:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:39, 6 March 2020
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	~~BALLAST & TYPES OF BALLAST~~	+	= Introduction =

−	Ballast:	+	Ballast is material like broken stone, gravel or any other granular material. It can, for example be spread and packed below and around sleepers. It provides good drainage for the track structure and holds sleepers in the correct position by preventing movements caused by lateral load.

−	~~Ballast is material like broken stone, gravel or any other granular material spread and packed below and around sleeper.~~	+	Types of ballast include:

−	~~It provides good drainage for the track structure, It provides weed of greed, It holds sleepers in correct position by preventing movements caused by lateral load therefore~~ ballast ~~is used in the railway track.~~	+	* Broken stone
		+	* Kankar
		+	* Gravel
		+	* Moorum
		+	* Brick ballast
		+	* Blast furnaces slag
		+	* Sand
		+	* Ashes/cinders
		+	* Selected earth

−	~~Types of ballast is as follows:-~~	+	= Broken stone =
−		+
−	i) Broken stone	+
−		+
−	~~ii) Kankar~~	+
−		+
−	~~iii) Gravel~~	+
−		+
−	~~iv) Moorum~~	+
−		+
−	~~v) Brick ballast~~	+
−		+
−	~~vi) Blast furnaces slag~~	+
−		+
−	~~vii) Sand~~	+
−		+
−	~~viii) Ashes/cinders~~	+
−		+
−	~~ix) Selected earth~~	+
−		+
−	~~Broken sand:-~~	+

	These are obtained from hard stones and it should be strong, hard, tough, durable, angular and does not flake when broken and hence Indian Railway adopt it very frequently.		These are obtained from hard stones and it should be strong, hard, tough, durable, angular and does not flake when broken and hence Indian Railway adopt it very frequently.

Humayoon: Created page with "BALLAST & TYPES OF BALLAST Ballast: Ballast is material like broken stone, gravel or any other granular material spread and packed below and around sleeper. It provides go..."

2019-11-27T16:50:50Z

Created page with "BALLAST & TYPES OF BALLAST Ballast: Ballast is material like broken stone, gravel or any other granular material spread and packed below and around sleeper. It provides go..."

New page

BALLAST & TYPES OF BALLAST

Ballast:

Ballast is material like broken stone, gravel or any other granular material spread and packed below and around sleeper.

It provides good drainage for the track structure, It provides weed of greed, It holds sleepers in correct position by preventing movements caused by lateral load therefore ballast is used in the railway track.

Types of ballast is as follows:-

i) Broken stone

ii) Kankar

iii) Gravel

iv) Moorum

v) Brick ballast

vi) Blast furnaces slag

vii) Sand

viii) Ashes/cinders

ix) Selected earth

Broken sand:-

These are obtained from hard stones and it should be strong, hard, tough, durable, angular and does not flake when broken and hence Indian Railway adopt it very frequently.

Advantages:-

* They are strong, durable and provide maximum stability to track.
* These are mostly used for high speed track in India.
* These types of ballast are cheaper in long run.

Disadvantages:-

* The main disadvantages of this type of ballast is that its initial cost is more.

Moorum:-

It is normally used as an initial ballast in new construction. It is of red or sometimes yellow in color. It is Suitable for station yards.

Advantages:-

* It is cheaper.
* It may serve as soiling when stone ballast is spread afterwards.
* Drainage property is good.

Disadvantages:-

* It may turns into powder under heavy loads.
* It may produces dusty track.
* Maintenance of track with this type of ballast laid is difficult.

Sand:-

Coarse sand is generally used as ballast and is a moderate material to use as ballast.

Advantages:-

* It is cheap material
* It is easily available
* It has good drainage property
* It produces less noisy track.
* It will not allow vegetation to grow on track
* It is used on temporary and unimportant track.

Disadvantages:-

* Maintenance of tracks laid by these ballast is difficult
* Sand may blown by wind or may washed by rain
* It may spread due to vibrations and thus maintenance is difficult
* It may leads to wear if it gets into the moving part of train

Kankar:-

Kankar are also used as ballast where other chief material for ballast is not easily available.

Advantages:-

* It is cheap
* It has got good drainage property
* Used for M.G. and N.G. tracks having light traffic

Disadvantages:-

* It is soft and hence it may convert into powder under heavy load.
* It may have corrosive action on rails
* Maintenance of track is difficult

Brick ballast:

It is generally in form of broken over burnt brick

Advantages:-

* It is cheap material for use as ballast
* It is drainage property is good
* It prevents growth of vegetation
* It is easily available

Disadvantages:-

* It may have adverse effects on rails and metal sleepers as it may corrugate them
* Maintenance of track laid with this material as ballast is difficult
* It may produce dusty track as it turns into powder under heavy load

Ashes:

These are residue obtained from coal. It is also used as ballast.

Advantages:-

* It is cheap and very economical as it is by product of every railway
* Available in abundant quantity
* It has very good drainage property

Disadvantages:-

* It has got corrosive property and hence affect the rails and metal sleepers
* It may laid track dusty as it gets easily reduced to powder under heavy load

Gravel:-

It is one of the best material used as ballast next to broken stone consisting of smooth round shaped material obtained from riverbed.

Advantages:-

* It is cheaper than broken stone
* It's drainage property is good
* It is useful for main line

Disadvantages:-

* Due to rounded shape, it can easily rolls down due to vibrations and results in loosening of sleepers
* Washing is required if gravels are obtained from pits
* Screening is required as there is variation in size and quality
* In short, uniform grading of gravel is required

Blast furnaces slag:

A byproduct obtained from manufacture of iron can also be used as ballast.

Advantages:-

* It is cheap
* It has good drainage property
* It is strong and holds track in correct gauge and alignment

Disadvantages:-

* It is not available in large quantity

Selected earth:

These are indurate clay and decomposed rocks. These are used as ballast when tracks to be laid on new formation. After consolidation, the surface becomes hard then good type of ballast is laid.

Advantages:-

* It prevents loss of good ballast on new formation
* It may be used on sidings and tracks.

<Humayoon Sial>

<humayoonsial.civil@gmail.com>

[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:Conservation]] [[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:Education]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]] [[Category:Publications_/_reports]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Theory]] [[Category:Standards_/_measurements]] [[Category:Construction_management]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]]