Angkor Wat - Revision history

Editor at 17:59, 5 July 2021

2021-07-05T17:59:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:59, 5 July 2021
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	* Great Mosque of Djenne.		* Great Mosque of Djenne.
	* Hagia Sophia.		* Hagia Sophia.
		+	* Horror vacui.
	* Mortise and tenon joints.		* Mortise and tenon joints.
	* Parthenon.		* Parthenon.
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	* Taj Mahal.		* Taj Mahal.

−	[[Category:~~Conservation~~]] [[Category:~~DCN_Project_Knowledge~~]] [[Category:~~History~~]] [[Category:~~Projects_and_case_studies~~]]	+	[[Category:DCN_Project_Knowledge]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]] [[Category:Conservation]]

Editor at 19:23, 9 September 2020

2020-09-09T19:23:26Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:23, 9 September 2020
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	* Forbidden City.		* Forbidden City.
	* Golden Temple, Amritsar.		* Golden Temple, Amritsar.
		+	* Gopura.
	* Great Mosque of Djenne.		* Great Mosque of Djenne.
	* Hagia Sophia.		* Hagia Sophia.
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	* Taj Mahal.		* Taj Mahal.

−	[[Category:Conservation]] [[Category:~~History~~]] [[Category:~~Projects_and_case_studies~~]] [[Category:~~DCN_Project_Knowledge~~]]	+	[[Category:Conservation]] [[Category:DCN_Project_Knowledge]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]]

Editor at 17:17, 8 July 2020

2020-07-08T17:17:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:17, 8 July 2020
Line 47:		Line 47:
	* Great Mosque of Djenne.		* Great Mosque of Djenne.
	* Hagia Sophia.		* Hagia Sophia.
		+	* Mortise and tenon joints.
	* Parthenon.		* Parthenon.
	* Petronas Twin Towers.		* Petronas Twin Towers.
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	* Taj Mahal.		* Taj Mahal.

−	[[Category:Conservation]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]]	+	[[Category:Conservation]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]] [[Category:DCN_Project_Knowledge]]

Editor at 11:33, 26 September 2019

2019-09-26T11:33:29Z

Editor at 13:38, 15 June 2017

2017-06-15T13:38:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:38, 15 June 2017
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	* El Castillo.		* El Castillo.
	* Forbidden City.		* Forbidden City.
		+	* Golden Temple, Amritsar.
	* Great Mosque of Djenne.		* Great Mosque of Djenne.
	* Hagia Sophia.		* Hagia Sophia.

Editor at 14:36, 25 May 2017

2017-05-25T14:36:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:36, 25 May 2017
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	* Dome of the Rock.		* Dome of the Rock.
	* El Castillo.		* El Castillo.
		+	* Forbidden City.
	* Great Mosque of Djenne.		* Great Mosque of Djenne.
	* Hagia Sophia.		* Hagia Sophia.

Editor at 14:36, 20 April 2017

2017-04-20T14:36:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:36, 20 April 2017
Line 45:		Line 45:
	* Dome of the Rock.		* Dome of the Rock.
	* El Castillo.		* El Castillo.
		+	* Great Mosque of Djenne.
	* Hagia Sophia.		* Hagia Sophia.
	* Parthenon.		* Parthenon.

Editor at 14:41, 23 March 2017

2017-03-23T14:41:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:41, 23 March 2017
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	* Conservation of the historic environment.		* Conservation of the historic environment.
	* Defects in stonework.		* Defects in stonework.
		+	* Dome of the Rock.
	* El Castillo.		* El Castillo.
	* Hagia Sophia.		* Hagia Sophia.

Designing Buildings at 16:20, 23 February 2017

2017-02-23T16:20:17Z

Designing Buildings at 16:11, 23 February 2017

2017-02-23T16:11:59Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:11, 23 February 2017
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	Angkor Wat is a religious temple complex in Cambodia. At 402 acres, it is the largest religious monument in the world, and is considered to be the finest classical example of Khmer architecture, a building tradition that spanned five centuries during reign of the Khmer Empire.		Angkor Wat is a religious temple complex in Cambodia. At 402 acres, it is the largest religious monument in the world, and is considered to be the finest classical example of Khmer architecture, a building tradition that spanned five centuries during reign of the Khmer Empire.

−	King Suryavarman II began the construction ~~work on the temple~~ after ascending to the throne in 1113. It is not known who the architects or designers were ~~that developed the structure~~. Originally, it was built as a Hindu temple of the god Vishnu. Reflecting this, the temple faces west in contrast with many of the other temples at Angkor. However, towards the end of the 12th century it was transformed into a Buddhist temple.	+	King Suryavarman II began the construction after ascending to the throne in 1113. It is not known who the architects or designers were. Originally, it was built as a Hindu temple of the god Vishnu. Reflecting this, the temple faces west in contrast with many of the other temples at Angkor. However, towards the end of the 12th century it was transformed into a Buddhist temple.

−	Over the course of the 20th century, Angkor Wat became more well-known globally as a symbol of Cambodia, and is today the country’s main tourist attraction.	+	Over the course of the 20th century, Angkor Wat became more well-known globally as a symbol of Cambodia, and today it is the country’s main tourist attraction.

	= Design and construction =		= Design and construction =
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	[[File:Angkorwat3.jpg\|link=File:Angkorwat3.jpg]]		[[File:Angkorwat3.jpg\|link=File:Angkorwat3.jpg]]

−	The temple complex is surrounded by a moat ~~measuring~~ 190 m wide, which forms a rectangle 1.5 x 1.3 km. A sandstone causeway crosses the moat on the western side. The stylistic elements characteristic of Khmer architecture include the ogival, lotus bud-shaped towers, half-galleries, axial galleries connecting enclosures, cruciform terraces, and so on.	+	The temple complex is surrounded by a moat 190 m wide, which forms a rectangle 1.5 km by 1.3 km. A sandstone causeway crosses the moat on the western side. The stylistic elements characteristic of Khmer architecture include the ogival, lotus bud-shaped towers, half-galleries, axial galleries connecting enclosures, cruciform terraces, and so on.

	The pyramid takes the form of three stepped terraces, with covered galleries bordering all sides of each step. The corners of the second and third steps are punctuated by the towers. The central tower rises to 55 m.		The pyramid takes the form of three stepped terraces, with covered galleries bordering all sides of each step. The corners of the second and third steps are punctuated by the towers. The central tower rises to 55 m.

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:33, 26 September 2019
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	= Introduction =		= Introduction =

−	Angkor Wat is a religious temple complex in Cambodia. At 402 acres, it is the largest religious monument in the world, and is considered to be the finest classical example of Khmer architecture, a building tradition that spanned ~~five~~ centuries during reign of the Khmer Empire.	+	Angkor Wat is a religious temple complex in Cambodia. At 402 acres, it is the largest religious monument in the world, and is considered to be the finest classical example of Khmer architecture, a building tradition that spanned the 9th and 15th centuries AD during the reign of the Khmer Empire.

	King Suryavarman II began the construction after ascending to the throne in 1113. It is not known who the architects or designers were. Originally, it was built as a Hindu temple of the god Vishnu. Reflecting this, the temple faces west in contrast with many of the other temples at Angkor. However, towards the end of the 12th century it was transformed into a Buddhist temple.		King Suryavarman II began the construction after ascending to the throne in 1113. It is not known who the architects or designers were. Originally, it was built as a Hindu temple of the god Vishnu. Reflecting this, the temple faces west in contrast with many of the other temples at Angkor. However, towards the end of the 12th century it was transformed into a Buddhist temple.
Line 13:		Line 13:
	[[File:Angkorwat3.jpg\|link=File:Angkorwat3.jpg]]		[[File:Angkorwat3.jpg\|link=File:Angkorwat3.jpg]]

−	The temple complex is surrounded by a moat ~~190 m wide, which forms~~ a ~~rectangle~~ 1.~~5 km~~ by 1.~~3 km~~. A sandstone causeway crosses the moat on its western side. The stylistic elements of the complex characteristic of Khmer architecture include; the ogival, lotus bud-shaped towers, half-galleries, axial galleries connecting enclosures and cruciform terraces.	+	The temple complex is surrounded by a 190m-wide moat forming a 1.5km by 1.3km rectangle. A sandstone causeway crosses the moat on its western side. The stylistic elements of the complex are characteristic of Khmer architecture and include the ogival, lotus bud-shaped towers, half-galleries, axial galleries, connecting enclosures and cruciform terraces.

−	The main pyramid takes the form of three stepped terraces, with covered galleries bordering all sides of each step. The corners of the second and third steps are punctuated by ~~the~~ towers, the highest of which ~~tower~~ rises to ~~55 m~~.	+	The main pyramid takes the form of three stepped terraces with covered galleries bordering all sides of each step. The corners of the second and third steps are punctuated by towers, the highest of which rises to 55m.

−	At the time of its construction, Khmer architects were proficient in the use of sandstone as a building material, and the complex was constructed using 5-10 million sandstone blocks, weighing up to 1.5 tons. These blocks were quarried from the mountain of Phnom Kulen, more than ~~50 km~~ away, and were floated on rafts down the Siem Reap River. Inscriptions record that the construction involved 300,000 workers and 6,000 elephants.	+	At the time of its construction, Khmer architects were proficient in the use of sandstone as a building material, and the complex was constructed using 5-10 million sandstone blocks, each weighing up to 1.5 tons. These blocks were quarried from the mountain of Phnom Kulen, more than 50km away, and were floated on rafts down the Siem Reap River. Inscriptions record that the construction involved 300,000 workers and 6,000 elephants.

−	The sandstone blocks form the most visible elements of the structure, while a type of clay local to the area, laterite, was used for the outer wall and concealed structural elements. The precise binding agent for the blocks is unknown, although it is believed to be natural ~~resins~~ or slaked lime.	+	The sandstone blocks form the most visible elements of the structure, while a type of clay local to the area, laterite, was used for the outer wall and concealed structural elements. The precise binding agent for the blocks is unknown, although it is believed to be natural resin or slaked lime.

	Internally, the smooth stones were laid with very tight joints without mortar, held together instead by mortise and tenon joints, or by dovetails and gravity. It is believed the blocks were assembled using a combination of elephants, coir ropes and pulleys, and bamboo scaffolding.		Internally, the smooth stones were laid with very tight joints without mortar, held together instead by mortise and tenon joints, or by dovetails and gravity. It is believed the blocks were assembled using a combination of elephants, coir ropes and pulleys, and bamboo scaffolding.

−	Angkor Wat is famous for its vast array of symbolic detailing. Nearly 2,000 sq. m of bas reliefs are intricately carved into the sandstone,as well as extensively carved lintels, friezes and pediments, and nearly 2,000 depictions of apsaras (celestial dancers).	+	Angkor Wat is famous for its vast array of symbolic detailing. Nearly 2,000 sq.m of bas reliefs are intricately carved into the sandstone,as well as extensively carved lintels, friezes and pediments, and nearly 2,000 depictions of apsaras (celestial dancers).

	[[File:Angkor-wat2.jpg\|link=File:Angkor-wat2.jpg]]		[[File:Angkor-wat2.jpg\|link=File:Angkor-wat2.jpg]]
Line 31:		Line 31:
	After King Suryavarman II’s death, the temple was converted to Buddhist use by King Jayavarman VII. Western interest in the temple only really began with the writings of the French naturalist Henri Mouhot in the 1860s.		After King Suryavarman II’s death, the temple was converted to Buddhist use by King Jayavarman VII. Western interest in the temple only really began with the writings of the French naturalist Henri Mouhot in the 1860s.

−	Conservation work was started be the French in the early-20th century and continued over the decades in an attempt to preserve the structure from damage caused by plant growth, fungi, ground movement, war and looting. Conservation efforts were halted for around 20 years ~~with the onset of~~ the Cambodian ~~Civil War~~ and the rise to power of the Khmer Rouge.	+	Conservation work was started by the French in the early-20th century and continued over the decades in an attempt to preserve the structure from damage caused by plant growth, fungi, ground movement, war and looting. Conservation efforts were halted for around 20 years during the Cambodian civil war and the rise to power of the Khmer Rouge.

	In 1992, Angkor Wat became a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and teams from around the world have returned to stabilise and preserve it. In particular, they have worked to tackle microbial biofilms which degrade sandstone. Extensive conservation works have replaced and restored some of the sculptures which were lost or damaged.		In 1992, Angkor Wat became a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and teams from around the world have returned to stabilise and preserve it. In particular, they have worked to tackle microbial biofilms which degrade sandstone. Extensive conservation works have replaced and restored some of the sculptures which were lost or damaged.

−	~~= Find out more =~~	+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =
−		+
−	=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===	+

	* Bas relief.		* Bas relief.

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:20, 23 February 2017
Line 13:		Line 13:
	[[File:Angkorwat3.jpg\|link=File:Angkorwat3.jpg]]		[[File:Angkorwat3.jpg\|link=File:Angkorwat3.jpg]]

−	The temple complex is surrounded by a moat 190 m wide, which forms a rectangle 1.5 km by 1.3 km. A sandstone causeway crosses the moat on ~~the~~ western side. The stylistic elements characteristic of Khmer architecture include the ogival, lotus bud-shaped towers, half-galleries, axial galleries connecting enclosures, cruciform terraces~~, and so on~~.	+	The temple complex is surrounded by a moat 190 m wide, which forms a rectangle 1.5 km by 1.3 km. A sandstone causeway crosses the moat on its western side. The stylistic elements of the complex characteristic of Khmer architecture include; the ogival, lotus bud-shaped towers, half-galleries, axial galleries connecting enclosures and cruciform terraces.

−	The pyramid takes the form of three stepped terraces, with covered galleries bordering all sides of each step. The corners of the second and third steps are punctuated by the towers~~. The central~~ tower rises to 55 m.	+	The main pyramid takes the form of three stepped terraces, with covered galleries bordering all sides of each step. The corners of the second and third steps are punctuated by the towers, the highest of which tower rises to 55 m.

−	At the time of construction, Khmer architects were proficient in the use of sandstone as ~~the main~~ building material~~. The~~ complex was constructed using 5-10 million sandstone blocks, ~~each~~ weighing ~~a maximum of~~ 1.5 tons. These blocks were quarried from the mountain of Phnom Kulen, ~~over~~ 50 km away, and floated on rafts down the Siem Reap River. Inscriptions record the construction ~~as involving~~ 300,000 workers and 6,000 elephants.	+	At the time of its construction, Khmer architects were proficient in the use of sandstone as a building material, and the complex was constructed using 5-10 million sandstone blocks, weighing up to 1.5 tons. These blocks were quarried from the mountain of Phnom Kulen, more than 50 km away, and were floated on rafts down the Siem Reap River. Inscriptions record that the construction involved 300,000 workers and 6,000 elephants.

−	The sandstone blocks ~~served as~~ most ~~of the~~ visible elements of the structure, while a type of clay local to the area, laterite, was used for the outer wall and concealed structural elements~~. The characteristic of laterite is that it hardens quickly when exposed to air and sun, making it useful for foundations and such like~~. The precise binding agent for the blocks is unknown, although it is believed to be natural resins or slaked lime.	+	The sandstone blocks form the most visible elements of the structure, while a type of clay local to the area, laterite, was used for the outer wall and concealed structural elements. The precise binding agent for the blocks is unknown, although it is believed to be natural resins or slaked lime.

−	Internally, the smooth stones were laid with very tight joints without mortar, held together instead by mortise and tenon joints, or by dovetails and gravity. It is believed ~~that~~ the blocks were assembled using a combination of elephants, coir ropes and pulleys, and bamboo scaffolding.	+	Internally, the smooth stones were laid with very tight joints without mortar, held together instead by mortise and tenon joints, or by dovetails and gravity. It is believed the blocks were assembled using a combination of elephants, coir ropes and pulleys, and bamboo scaffolding.

−	Angkor Wat is famous for ~~the~~ vast array of symbolic detailing ~~throughout~~. Nearly 2,000 sq. m of bas reliefs are intricately carved into the sandstone~~. In addition~~, ~~there are~~ extensively carved lintels, friezes and pediments, ~~as well as~~ nearly 2,000 depictions of apsaras (celestial dancers) ~~carved throughout~~.	+	Angkor Wat is famous for its vast array of symbolic detailing. Nearly 2,000 sq. m of bas reliefs are intricately carved into the sandstone,as well as extensively carved lintels, friezes and pediments, and nearly 2,000 depictions of apsaras (celestial dancers).

	[[File:Angkor-wat2.jpg\|link=File:Angkor-wat2.jpg]]		[[File:Angkor-wat2.jpg\|link=File:Angkor-wat2.jpg]]
Line 31:		Line 31:
	After King Suryavarman II’s death, the temple was converted to Buddhist use by King Jayavarman VII. Western interest in the temple only really began with the writings of the French naturalist Henri Mouhot in the 1860s.		After King Suryavarman II’s death, the temple was converted to Buddhist use by King Jayavarman VII. Western interest in the temple only really began with the writings of the French naturalist Henri Mouhot in the 1860s.

−	Conservation ~~efforts began by~~ the French in the early-20th century and ~~were~~ continued over the decades, in an attempt to preserve the structure from ~~extensive~~ damage ~~and deterioration~~ caused by plant ~~overgrowth~~, fungi, ground ~~movements~~, war ~~damage~~ and looting. Conservation efforts were halted for around 20 years with the onset of the Cambodian Civil War and the rise to power of the Khmer Rouge.	+	Conservation work was started be the French in the early-20th century and continued over the decades in an attempt to preserve the structure from damage caused by plant growth, fungi, ground movement, war and looting. Conservation efforts were halted for around 20 years with the onset of the Cambodian Civil War and the rise to power of the Khmer Rouge.

−	In 1992, Angkor Wat became a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and teams from around the world returned to stabilise and preserve it. In particular, they have worked to tackle microbial biofilms which ~~degrades~~ sandstone. Extensive conservation works have replaced and restored some of the sculptures which were lost or damaged.	+	In 1992, Angkor Wat became a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and teams from around the world have returned to stabilise and preserve it. In particular, they have worked to tackle microbial biofilms which degrade sandstone. Extensive conservation works have replaced and restored some of the sculptures which were lost or damaged.

	= Find out more =		= Find out more =