3D city model - Revision history

Designing Buildings at 07:16, 10 December 2025

2025-12-10T07:16:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:16, 10 December 2025
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	* Using satellite imagery to monitor movements in megaprojects.		* Using satellite imagery to monitor movements in megaprojects.

−	[[Category:~~Articles_needing_more_work~~]] [[Category:DCN_Research,_Development_and_Innovation]] [[Category:DCN_Software]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Design]] [[Category:Products_/_components]] [[Category:Roles_/_services]] [[Category:BIM]]	+	[[Category:DCN_Commentary]] [[Category:DCN_Research,_Development_and_Innovation]] [[Category:DCN_Software]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Design]] [[Category:Products_/_components]] [[Category:Roles_/_services]] [[Category:BIM]]

Editor at 07:10, 8 April 2022

2022-04-08T07:10:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:10, 8 April 2022
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	[[File:3D_printed_London_by_AccuCities_Hobs_3D_3dprintedcities-com.jpg\|link=File:3D_printed_London_by_AccuCities_Hobs_3D_3dprintedcities-com.jpg]]		[[File:3D_printed_London_by_AccuCities_Hobs_3D_3dprintedcities-com.jpg\|link=File:3D_printed_London_by_AccuCities_Hobs_3D_3dprintedcities-com.jpg]]

−	= Related articles on Designing Buildings ~~Wiki~~ =	+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings =

		+	* City information modelling CIM
	* 3D v 2D.		* 3D v 2D.
	* Archidict.		* Archidict.

Designing Buildings at 13:57, 17 February 2022

2022-02-17T13:57:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:57, 17 February 2022
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	The model can be 3D printed on a small-volume 3D printer. On this example, AccuCities and [https://hobs3d.com/ Hobs3D] have 3D printed a large-scale 3D printed model of London in interchangeable 10×10 cm tiles (each tile covers 500 x 500 meters of the real-world environments). Any particular area can be easily and affordably manipulated and replaced.		The model can be 3D printed on a small-volume 3D printer. On this example, AccuCities and [https://hobs3d.com/ Hobs3D] have 3D printed a large-scale 3D printed model of London in interchangeable 10×10 cm tiles (each tile covers 500 x 500 meters of the real-world environments). Any particular area can be easily and affordably manipulated and replaced.

−	[[File:~~3D printed London by AccuCities Hobs 3D 3dprintedcities~~-com.jpg]]	+	[[File:3D_printed_London_by_AccuCities_Hobs_3D_3dprintedcities-com.jpg\|link=File:3D_printed_London_by_AccuCities_Hobs_3D_3dprintedcities-com.jpg]]

	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =		= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =
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	* Archidict.		* Archidict.
	* Construction drones.		* Construction drones.
		+	* Future Skyline London.
	* LIDAR.		* LIDAR.
	* Pixel.		* Pixel.

Michal Konicek at 16:29, 16 February 2022

2022-02-16T16:29:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:29, 16 February 2022
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	= 3D printed city models =		= 3D printed city models =

−	3D printed city models are usually produced by local authorities, architects, urban planners and other customers who require ~~an affordable~~ physical city ~~model~~. The model can be 3D printed on a small-volume 3D ~~printers~~. On this example, AccuCities and ~~Hobs~~ have 3D printed a large-scale 3D printed model of London in interchangeable 10×10 cm tiles (each tile covers 500 x 500 meters of the real-world environments). Any particular area can be easily and affordably manipulated and replaced.	+	3D printed city models are usually produced by local authorities, architects, urban planners and other customers who require a physical representation of an area of a city. Often used as a three-dimensional map and valuable especially to assess the impact of tall buildings on the overall city environment.
		+
		+	The model can be 3D printed on a small-volume 3D printer. On this example, AccuCities and [https://hobs3d.com/ Hobs3D] have 3D printed a large-scale 3D printed model of London in interchangeable 10×10 cm tiles (each tile covers 500 x 500 meters of the real-world environments). Any particular area can be easily and affordably manipulated and replaced.
		+
		+	[[File:3D printed London by AccuCities Hobs 3D 3dprintedcities-com.jpg]]

	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =		= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =

Michal Konicek at 16:20, 16 February 2022

2022-02-16T16:20:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:20, 16 February 2022
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	Extruding buildings footprint polygons is one way of adding a third dimension to 2D mapping data. In essence, the technique is taking an estimate of a building’s height and extending the footprint vertically to that height.		Extruding buildings footprint polygons is one way of adding a third dimension to 2D mapping data. In essence, the technique is taking an estimate of a building’s height and extending the footprint vertically to that height.

−	[[File:Extruded-polygons-five-comparisons-01.jpg]]	+	[[File:Extruded-polygons-five-comparisons-01.jpg\|link=File:Extruded-polygons-five-comparisons-01.jpg]]

	= Digital surface models =		= Digital surface models =
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	Digital surface models (DSM) can be created by pixel-matching of aerial photography or by creating a mesh from an airborne LIDAR. Taking raw LIDAR data and turning it into a 3D model with no additional information, such as a building’s polygons, is an essentially automated process. Users can download the source data in the raw LAS format to create DSMs).		Digital surface models (DSM) can be created by pixel-matching of aerial photography or by creating a mesh from an airborne LIDAR. Taking raw LIDAR data and turning it into a 3D model with no additional information, such as a building’s polygons, is an essentially automated process. Users can download the source data in the raw LAS format to create DSMs).

−	[[File:Lidar-five-comparisons-01.jpg]]	+	[[File:Lidar-five-comparisons-01.jpg\|link=File:Lidar-five-comparisons-01.jpg]]

	= Source imagery survey data =		= Source imagery survey data =

−	Both drone-based and satellite-imagery ~~photogrammetries~~ have potential. Drones can produce 3D models which can then be combined to create wide-area 3D city models.	+	Both drone-based and satellite-imagery photogrammetry technology have potential. Drones can produce 3D models which can then be combined to create wide-area 3D city models.

	Civilian satellites currently offer limited use in major world cities, but with better resolution available, it should be possible to substitute aerial surveys for satellite surveys in the foreseeable future.		Civilian satellites currently offer limited use in major world cities, but with better resolution available, it should be possible to substitute aerial surveys for satellite surveys in the foreseeable future.
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	= Manual aerial photogrammetry =		= Manual aerial photogrammetry =

−	3D London model by AccuCities is one example of a large 3D city model captured using stereo photogrammetry from fixed-wing aircraft. These 3D models can be captured and delivered as AutoCad, Sketchup or FBX files and can be directly imported into 3D editing software.	+	Manual stereo photogrammetry is generally accurate and detailed. The 3D models produced are usable and, once the project is set-up, various levels of detail can be captured. There are several way to collect source data, but the downside is that it’s a manual process and can be expensive in terms of time and resources.
		+
		+	[https://www.accucities.com/3d-models-london/ 3D London] model by [https://www.accucities.com/ AccuCities] is one example of a large 3D city model captured using stereo photogrammetry from fixed-wing aircraft. These 3D models can be captured and delivered as AutoCad, Sketchup or FBX files and can be directly imported into 3D editing software.

−	[[File:~~Photogrammetry city models comparisons 01~~.jpg]]	+	[[File:Photogrammetry_city_models_comparisons_01.jpg\|link=File:Photogrammetry_city_models_comparisons_01.jpg]]

	= Textured aerial photogrammetry =		= Textured aerial photogrammetry =

−	~~Textured 3D London model by AccuCities.~~ The Textured photogrammetry model is made out of textures applied to clean geometry. It’s an accurate city model with high visual fidelity.	+	The Textured photogrammetry model is made out of textures applied to clean geometry. It’s an accurate city model with high visual fidelity. Good example is the [https://www.accucities.com/textured-3d-model-of-london-2021/ Textured 3D London] model by AccuCities.

	Because the textures are applied onto a separated high detail photogrammetry model, users can turn textures on and off on buildings, terrain, or on any other features. Pixel stretchings and imperfections, occurring mostly in urban canyons, can be rectified on focus buildings by upgrading a UV map from custom photographs.		Because the textures are applied onto a separated high detail photogrammetry model, users can turn textures on and off on buildings, terrain, or on any other features. Pixel stretchings and imperfections, occurring mostly in urban canyons, can be rectified on focus buildings by upgrading a UV map from custom photographs.

−	[[File:~~Textured photogrammetry city models comparisons 01~~.jpg]]	+	[[File:Textured_photogrammetry_city_models_comparisons_01.jpg\|link=File:Textured_photogrammetry_city_models_comparisons_01.jpg]]

	= Non-GIS Game-ready model =		= Non-GIS Game-ready model =
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	If you opt to use a non-gis game model, be weary of different 3D city models used in games. 3D city models for videogames were historically only rarely used in architecture; mainly because until very recently they were only vaguely based on actual cities. Recent game-ready models do offer an attractive and affordable option for many applications that require recognisability rather than high accuracy		If you opt to use a non-gis game model, be weary of different 3D city models used in games. 3D city models for videogames were historically only rarely used in architecture; mainly because until very recently they were only vaguely based on actual cities. Recent game-ready models do offer an attractive and affordable option for many applications that require recognisability rather than high accuracy

−	[[File:Non-~~gis city models comparisons 01~~.jpg]]	+	[[File:Non-gis_city_models_comparisons_01.jpg\|link=File:Non-gis_city_models_comparisons_01.jpg]]

	= 3D city models by Google =		= 3D city models by Google =

−	Structure-from-motion (SfM) pipeline for visual 3D modelling of a large city area uses a 360° field of view Google Street View images. The core of the pipeline combines techniques such as SURF feature detection, tentative matching by an approximate nearest neighbour search, relative camera motion estimation by solving five-point minimal camera pose problem and sparse bundle adjustment.~~Photogrammetry Models~~	+	Structure-from-motion (SfM) pipeline for visual 3D modelling of a large city area uses a 360° field of view Google Street View images. The core of the pipeline combines techniques such as SURF feature detection, tentative matching by an approximate nearest neighbour search, relative camera motion estimation by solving five-point minimal camera pose problem and sparse bundle adjustment.

−	~~Manual stereo photogrammetry is generally accurate and detailed. The~~ 3D models ~~produced~~ are ~~usable and~~, ~~once the project is set-up~~, ~~various levels of detail~~ can be ~~captured~~. ~~There are several way to collect source data~~, ~~but the downside is that it’s a manual process~~ and ~~can be expensive~~ in ~~terms~~ of ~~time~~ and ~~resources~~.	+	= 3D printed city models =
		+
		+	3D printed city models are usually produced by local authorities, architects, urban planners and other customers who require an affordable physical city model. The model can be 3D printed on a small-volume 3D printers. On this example, AccuCities and Hobs have 3D printed a large-scale 3D printed model of London in interchangeable 10×10 cm tiles (each tile covers 500 x 500 meters of the real-world environments). Any particular area can be easily and affordably manipulated and replaced.

	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =		= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =

Michal Konicek at 15:40, 16 February 2022

2022-02-16T15:40:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:40, 16 February 2022
Line 8:		Line 8:

	Extruding buildings footprint polygons is one way of adding a third dimension to 2D mapping data. In essence, the technique is taking an estimate of a building’s height and extending the footprint vertically to that height.		Extruding buildings footprint polygons is one way of adding a third dimension to 2D mapping data. In essence, the technique is taking an estimate of a building’s height and extending the footprint vertically to that height.
		+
		+	[[File:Extruded-polygons-five-comparisons-01.jpg]]

	= Digital surface models =		= Digital surface models =
Line 13:		Line 15:
	Digital surface models (DSM) can be created by pixel-matching of aerial photography or by creating a mesh from an airborne LIDAR. Taking raw LIDAR data and turning it into a 3D model with no additional information, such as a building’s polygons, is an essentially automated process. Users can download the source data in the raw LAS format to create DSMs).		Digital surface models (DSM) can be created by pixel-matching of aerial photography or by creating a mesh from an airborne LIDAR. Taking raw LIDAR data and turning it into a 3D model with no additional information, such as a building’s polygons, is an essentially automated process. Users can download the source data in the raw LAS format to create DSMs).

−	~~= 3D city models by Google =~~	+	[[File:Lidar-five-comparisons-01.jpg]]
−		+
−	~~Structure~~-from-motion (SfM) pipeline for visual 3D modelling of a large city area uses a 360° field of view Google Street View images. The core of the pipeline combines techniques such as SURF feature detection, tentative matching by an approximate nearest neighbour search, relative camera motion estimation by solving five-~~point minimal camera pose problem and sparse bundle adjustment.Photogrammetry Models~~	+
−		+
−	~~Manual stereo photogrammetry is generally accurate and detailed. The 3D models produced are usable and, once the project is set~~-~~up, various levels of detail can be captured. There are several way to collect source data, but the downside is that it’s a manual process and can be expensive in terms of time and resources~~.	+

	= Source imagery survey data =		= Source imagery survey data =
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	3D London model by AccuCities is one example of a large 3D city model captured using stereo photogrammetry from fixed-wing aircraft. These 3D models can be captured and delivered as AutoCad, Sketchup or FBX files and can be directly imported into 3D editing software.		3D London model by AccuCities is one example of a large 3D city model captured using stereo photogrammetry from fixed-wing aircraft. These 3D models can be captured and delivered as AutoCad, Sketchup or FBX files and can be directly imported into 3D editing software.
		+
		+	[[File:Photogrammetry city models comparisons 01.jpg]]
		+
		+	= Textured aerial photogrammetry =
		+
		+	Textured 3D London model by AccuCities. The Textured photogrammetry model is made out of textures applied to clean geometry. It’s an accurate city model with high visual fidelity.
		+
		+	Because the textures are applied onto a separated high detail photogrammetry model, users can turn textures on and off on buildings, terrain, or on any other features. Pixel stretchings and imperfections, occurring mostly in urban canyons, can be rectified on focus buildings by upgrading a UV map from custom photographs.
		+
		+	[[File:Textured photogrammetry city models comparisons 01.jpg]]
		+
		+	= Non-GIS Game-ready model =
		+
		+	An inexpensive game-ready model might offer a good alternative to accurate, GIS-based city models. The datasets are not made for architecture or urban planning but can be highly affordable with a surprising level of detail on landmark buildings.
		+
		+	If you opt to use a non-gis game model, be weary of different 3D city models used in games. 3D city models for videogames were historically only rarely used in architecture; mainly because until very recently they were only vaguely based on actual cities. Recent game-ready models do offer an attractive and affordable option for many applications that require recognisability rather than high accuracy
		+
		+	[[File:Non-gis city models comparisons 01.jpg]]
		+
		+	= 3D city models by Google =
		+
		+	Structure-from-motion (SfM) pipeline for visual 3D modelling of a large city area uses a 360° field of view Google Street View images. The core of the pipeline combines techniques such as SURF feature detection, tentative matching by an approximate nearest neighbour search, relative camera motion estimation by solving five-point minimal camera pose problem and sparse bundle adjustment.Photogrammetry Models
		+
		+	Manual stereo photogrammetry is generally accurate and detailed. The 3D models produced are usable and, once the project is set-up, various levels of detail can be captured. There are several way to collect source data, but the downside is that it’s a manual process and can be expensive in terms of time and resources.

	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =		= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =

Editor at 18:53, 2 December 2021

2021-12-02T18:53:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:53, 2 December 2021
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	* Construction drones.		* Construction drones.
	* LIDAR.		* LIDAR.
		+	* Pixel.
	* Using satellite imagery to monitor movements in megaprojects.		* Using satellite imagery to monitor movements in megaprojects.

	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:DCN_Research,_Development_and_Innovation]] [[Category:DCN_Software]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Design]] [[Category:Products_/_components]] [[Category:Roles_/_services]] [[Category:BIM]]		[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:DCN_Research,_Development_and_Innovation]] [[Category:DCN_Software]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Design]] [[Category:Products_/_components]] [[Category:Roles_/_services]] [[Category:BIM]]

Editor at 09:50, 9 September 2021

2021-09-09T09:50:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:50, 9 September 2021
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	* 3D v 2D.		* 3D v 2D.
		+	* Archidict.
	* Construction drones.		* Construction drones.
	* LIDAR.		* LIDAR.

Editor at 15:32, 20 August 2021

2021-08-20T15:32:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:32, 20 August 2021
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	= Introduction =		= Introduction =

−	3D city models are more than the simple evolution of paper maps. Accurately mapping a 3rd dimension provides a cornerstone dataset for a number of industries, and 3D city models already play a role in planning and architecture. This role will continue to evolve, as planning for future urban ~~[[Inclusive_cities_and_transport_investment\|~~transport systems]], ~~[[Designing_smart_cities\|~~smart cities]] and even AI-driven energy-saving systems will all rely on accurate 3D city models.	+	3D city models are more than the simple evolution of paper maps. Accurately mapping a 3rd dimension provides a cornerstone dataset for a number of industries, and 3D city models already play a role in planning and architecture. This role will continue to evolve, as planning for future urban transport systems, smart cities and even AI-driven energy-saving systems will all rely on accurate 3D city models.

	= Extruded footprint polygons =		= Extruded footprint polygons =
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	= Digital surface models =		= Digital surface models =

−	Digital surface models (DSM) can be created by pixel-matching of aerial photography or by creating a mesh from an airborne ~~Lidar~~. Taking raw ~~Lidar~~ data and turning it into a 3D model with no additional information, such as a building’s polygons, is an essentially automated process. Users can download the source data in the raw LAS format to create DSMs).	+	Digital surface models (DSM) can be created by pixel-matching of aerial photography or by creating a mesh from an airborne LIDAR. Taking raw LIDAR data and turning it into a 3D model with no additional information, such as a building’s polygons, is an essentially automated process. Users can download the source data in the raw LAS format to create DSMs).

	= 3D city models by Google =		= 3D city models by Google =

−	~~[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224135244_From_Google_Street_View_to_3D_City_models~~ Structure-from-motion] (SfM) pipeline for visual 3D modelling of a large city area uses a 360° field of view Google Street View images. The core of the pipeline combines techniques such as SURF feature detection, tentative matching by an approximate nearest neighbour search, relative camera motion estimation by solving five-point minimal camera pose problem and sparse bundle adjustment.Photogrammetry Models	+	Structure-from-motion (SfM) pipeline for visual 3D modelling of a large city area uses a 360° field of view Google Street View images. The core of the pipeline combines techniques such as SURF feature detection, tentative matching by an approximate nearest neighbour search, relative camera motion estimation by solving five-point minimal camera pose problem and sparse bundle adjustment.Photogrammetry Models

	Manual stereo photogrammetry is generally accurate and detailed. The 3D models produced are usable and, once the project is set-up, various levels of detail can be captured. There are several way to collect source data, but the downside is that it’s a manual process and can be expensive in terms of time and resources.		Manual stereo photogrammetry is generally accurate and detailed. The 3D models produced are usable and, once the project is set-up, various levels of detail can be captured. There are several way to collect source data, but the downside is that it’s a manual process and can be expensive in terms of time and resources.
Line 27:		Line 27:
	= Manual aerial photogrammetry =		= Manual aerial photogrammetry =

−	3D London model by [[AccuCities~~\|AccuCities]]~~ is one example of a large 3D city model captured using stereo photogrammetry from fixed-wing aircraft. These 3D models can be captured and delivered as AutoCad, Sketchup or FBX files and can be directly imported into 3D editing software.	+	3D London model by AccuCities is one example of a large 3D city model captured using stereo photogrammetry from fixed-wing aircraft. These 3D models can be captured and delivered as AutoCad, Sketchup or FBX files and can be directly imported into 3D editing software.

−	Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki	+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =

−	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:DCN_Research,_Development_and_Innovation]] [[Category:DCN_Software]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Design]] [[Category:Products_/_components]] [[Category:Roles_/_services]]	+	* 3D v 2D.
		+	* Construction drones.
		+	* LIDAR.
		+	* Using satellite imagery to monitor movements in megaprojects.
		+
		+	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:DCN_Research,_Development_and_Innovation]] [[Category:DCN_Software]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Design]] [[Category:Products_/_components]] [[Category:Roles_/_services]] [[Category:BIM]]

Editor at 15:27, 20 August 2021

2021-08-20T15:27:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:27, 20 August 2021
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	3D city models are so much more than the simple evolution of paper maps. Accurately mapping a 3rd dimension provides a cornerstone dataset for a huge number of industries, and 3D city models already play a game-changing role in planning and architecture. This role will continue to evolve as planning for future urban [[~~Inclusive_cities_and_transport_investment~~\|~~transport systems~~]]~~, [[Designing_smart_cities\|smart cities]] and even AI-driven energy-saving systems will all rely on accurate 3D city models.~~	+	[[File:3D_Model_of_London_and_3D_City_Models_by_AccuCities.jpg\|link=File:3D_Model_of_London_and_3D_City_Models_by_AccuCities.jpg]]

−	=~~= Extruded Footprint Polygons =~~=	+	= Introduction =

−	~~Extruding buildings footprint polygons is usually~~ the ~~fastest, most cost effective way~~ of ~~adding~~ a 3rd dimension ~~to 2D mapping data. In essence the technique is taking an estimate~~ of a ~~building’s height~~ and ~~extending the footprint vertically to that height~~. ~~OpenStreetMap is a good example of this technique~~.	+	3D city models are more than the simple evolution of paper maps. Accurately mapping a 3rd dimension provides a cornerstone dataset for a number of industries, and 3D city models already play a role in planning and architecture. This role will continue to evolve, as planning for future urban [[Inclusive_cities_and_transport_investment\|transport systems]], [[Designing_smart_cities\|smart cities]] and even AI-driven energy-saving systems will all rely on accurate 3D city models.

−	OSM Buildings building data works with web maps, GIS applications, analysis tools and 3d visualisation and non-commercial map applications may use our data tiles free of charge. Visit [https://osmbuildings.org/ OSM Buildings] to download required 3D data.	+	= Extruded footprint polygons =

−	~~== Digital Surface Models ==~~	+	Extruding buildings footprint polygons is one way of adding a third dimension to 2D mapping data. In essence, the technique is taking an estimate of a building’s height and extending the footprint vertically to that height.

−	Digital Surface Models can be created by pixel-matching of aerial photography or by creating a mesh from an airborne Lidar. Taking raw Lidar data and turning it into a 3D model with no additional information, such as a building’s polygons, is an essentially automated process. Users can download the source data in the raw LAS format to create Digital Surface Model (DSM). The process is very simple, follow this [https://research.umn.edu/units/uspatial/news/3d-printing-models~~-derived-lidar-data Step-by-step Guide] if you are unsure how to Process Lidar Data, Create a DSM and/or Export the DSM into a .STL format.~~	+	= Digital surface models =

−	~~In the United Kingdom download UK Lidar data with 1~~-~~2 meters spacing for free~~ from ~~the [https://data~~.~~gov.uk/publisher/environment-agency Environmental Agency]. For~~ data ~~covering US & other countries visit this [https://www~~.~~geospatialworld.net/blogs/did-you-know-~~the~~-sources-for-free-lidar-~~data~~/ Geospatial World Article]~~.	+	Digital surface models (DSM) can be created by pixel-matching of aerial photography or by creating a mesh from an airborne Lidar. Taking raw Lidar data and turning it into a 3D model with no additional information, such as a building’s polygons, is an essentially automated process. Users can download the source data in the raw LAS format to create DSMs).

−	== 3D ~~City Models~~ by Google ==	+	= 3D city models by Google =

−	[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224135244_From_Google_Street_View_to_3D_City_models Structure-from-motion] (SfM) pipeline for visual 3D modelling of a large city area ~~using~~ 360° field of view Google Street View images. The core of the pipeline combines ~~the state of the art~~ techniques such as SURF feature detection, tentative matching by an approximate nearest neighbour search, relative camera motion estimation by solving 5-pt minimal camera pose problem, and sparse bundle adjustment.	+	[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224135244_From_Google_Street_View_to_3D_City_models Structure-from-motion] (SfM) pipeline for visual 3D modelling of a large city area uses a 360° field of view Google Street View images. The core of the pipeline combines techniques such as SURF feature detection, tentative matching by an approximate nearest neighbour search, relative camera motion estimation by solving five-point minimal camera pose problem and sparse bundle adjustment.Photogrammetry Models

−	~~== Photogrammetry Models ==~~	+	Manual stereo photogrammetry is generally accurate and detailed. The 3D models produced are usable and, once the project is set-up, various levels of detail can be captured. There are several way to collect source data, but the downside is that it’s a manual process and can be expensive in terms of time and resources.

−	Manual stereo photogrammetry is consistently accurate and detailed. The 3D models produced are highly usable and, once the project is set-up, various levels of detail can be captured for very little extra cost. There are lots of ways to collect source data ~~but the downside is that it’s a manual process and can be expensive in terms of time and resources.~~	+	= Source imagery survey data =

−	~~=== Source Imagery Survey Data ===~~	+	Both drone-based and satellite-imagery photogrammetries have potential. Drones can produce 3D models which can then be combined to create wide-area 3D city models.

−	~~Both drone-based and satellite-imagery photogrammetries have huge potential. Drones can produce visually stunning 3D models which can then~~ be ~~combined~~ to ~~create wide-area [https://www.accucities.com/products/ 3D city models]~~.	+	Civilian satellites currently offer limited use in major world cities, but with better resolution available, it should be possible to substitute aerial surveys for satellite surveys in the foreseeable future.

−	~~Civilian satellites currently offer very limited use in major world cities but with better and better resolution available, it should be possible to substitute~~ aerial ~~surveys for satellite surveys in the foreseeable future.~~	+	= Manual aerial photogrammetry =

−	~~=== Manual Aerial Photogrammetry ===~~	+	3D London model by [[AccuCities\|AccuCities]] is one example of a large 3D city model captured using stereo photogrammetry from fixed-wing aircraft. These 3D models can be captured and delivered as AutoCad, Sketchup or FBX files and can be directly imported into 3D editing software.

−	[https://www.accucities.com/3d-models-london/ 3D London model] by [[AccuCities\|AccuCities]] is a good example of a large 3D city model captured using stereo photogrammetry from fixed-wing aircraft. These 3D models can be rapidly captured and delivered as AutoCad, Sketchup or FBX files can be directly imported into almost any 3D editing software and have very high, up to 15cm accuracy.	+	Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki

−	[[~~File~~:~~3D Model of London and 3D City Models by AccuCities.jpg~~]]	+	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:DCN_Research,_Development_and_Innovation]] [[Category:DCN_Software]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Design]] [[Category:Products_/_components]] [[Category:Roles_/_services]]
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−	[[Category:~~Articles_needing_more_work~~]] [[Category:~~Definitions~~]] [[Category:~~Planning_permission~~]] [[Category:Design]] [[Category:~~Property_development~~]]	+